Network Working Group                                     P. Mockapetris   
 Request for Comments: 1035                                           ISI   
                                                            November 1987   
 Obsoletes: RFCs 882, 883, 973                                              
                                                                            
             DOMAIN NAMES - IMPLEMENTATION AND SPECIFICATION                
                                                                            
                                                                            
 . STATUS OF THIS MEMO                                                     
                                                                            
 This RFC describes the details of the domain system and protocol, and      
 assumes that the reader is familiar with the concepts discussed in a       
 companion RFC, "Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities" [RFC-1034].        
                                                                            
 The domain system is a mixture of functions and data types which are an    
 official protocol and functions and data types which are still             
 experimental.  Since the domain system is intentionally extensible, new    
 data types and experimental behavior should always be expected in parts    
 of the system beyond the official protocol.  The official protocol parts   
 include standard queries, responses and the Internet class RR data         
 formats (e.g., host addresses).  Since the previous RFC set, several       
 definitions have changed, so some previous definitions are obsolete.       
                                                                            
 Experimental or obsolete features are clearly marked in these RFCs, and    
 such information should be used with caution.                              
                                                                            
 The reader is especially cautioned not to depend on the values which       
 appear in examples to be current or complete, since their purpose is       
 primarily pedagogical.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.            
                                                                            
                            Table of Contents                               
                                                                            
   1. STATUS OF THIS MEMO                                              1    
   2. INTRODUCTION                                                     3    
       2.1. Overview                                                   3    
       2.2. Common configurations                                      4    
       2.3. Conventions                                                7    
           2.3.1. Preferred name syntax                                7    
           2.3.2. Data Transmission Order                              8    
           2.3.3. Character Case                                       9    
           2.3.4. Size limits                                         10    
   3. DOMAIN NAME SPACE AND RR DEFINITIONS                            10    
       3.1. Name space definitions                                    10    
       3.2. RR definitions                                            11    
           3.2.1. Format                                              11    
           3.2.2. TYPE values                                         12    
           3.2.3. QTYPE values                                        12    
           3.2.4. CLASS values                                        13    
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                     [Page 1]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
           3.2.5. QCLASS values                                       13    
       3.3. Standard RRs                                              13    
           3.3.1. CNAME RDATA format                                  14    
           3.3.2. HINFO RDATA format                                  14    
           3.3.3. MB RDATA format (EXPERIMENTAL)                      14    
           3.3.4. MD RDATA format (Obsolete)                          15    
           3.3.5. MF RDATA format (Obsolete)                          15    
           3.3.6. MG RDATA format (EXPERIMENTAL)                      16    
           3.3.7. MINFO RDATA format (EXPERIMENTAL)                   16    
           3.3.8. MR RDATA format (EXPERIMENTAL)                      17    
           3.3.9. MX RDATA format                                     17    
           3.3.10. NULL RDATA format (EXPERIMENTAL)                   17    
           3.3.11. NS RDATA format                                    18    
           3.3.12. PTR RDATA format                                   18    
           3.3.13. SOA RDATA format                                   19    
           3.3.14. TXT RDATA format                                   20    
       3.4. ARPA Internet specific RRs                                20    
           3.4.1. A RDATA format                                      20    
           3.4.2. WKS RDATA format                                    21    
       3.5. IN-ADDR.ARPA domain                                       22    
       3.6. Defining new types, classes, and special namespaces       24    
   4. MESSAGES                                                        25    
       4.1. Format                                                    25    
           4.1.1. Header section format                               26    
           4.1.2. Question section format                             28    
           4.1.3. Resource record format                              29    
           4.1.4. Message compression                                 30    
       4.2. Transport                                                 32    
           4.2.1. UDP usage                                           32    
           4.2.2. TCP usage                                           32    
   5. MASTER FILES                                                    33    
       5.1. Format                                                    33    
       5.2. Use of master files to define zones                       35    
       5.3. Master file example                                       36    
   6. NAME SERVER IMPLEMENTATION                                      37    
       6.1. Architecture                                              37    
           6.1.1. Control                                             37    
           6.1.2. Database                                            37    
           6.1.3. Time                                                39    
       6.2. Standard query processing                                 39    
       6.3. Zone refresh and reload processing                        39    
       6.4. Inverse queries (Optional)                                40    
           6.4.1. The contents of inverse queries and responses       40    
           6.4.2. Inverse query and response example                  41    
           6.4.3. Inverse query processing                            42    
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                     [Page 2]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
       6.5. Completion queries and responses                          42    
   7. RESOLVER IMPLEMENTATION                                         43    
       7.1. Transforming a user request into a query                  43    
       7.2. Sending the queries                                       44    
       7.3. Processing responses                                      46    
       7.4. Using the cache                                           47    
   8. MAIL SUPPORT                                                    47    
       8.1. Mail exchange binding                                     48    
       8.2. Mailbox binding (Experimental)                            48    
   9. REFERENCES and BIBLIOGRAPHY                                     50    
   Index                                                              54    
                                                                            
 . INTRODUCTION                                                            
                                                                            
 2.1. Overview                                                              
                                                                            
 The goal of domain names is to provide a mechanism for naming resources    
 in such a way that the names are usable in different hosts, networks,      
 protocol families, internets, and administrative organizations.            
                                                                            
 From the user's point of view, domain names are useful as arguments to a   
 local agent, called a resolver, which retrieves information associated     
 with the domain name.  Thus a user might ask for the host address or       
 mail information associated with a particular domain name.  To enable      
 the user to request a particular type of information, an appropriate       
 query type is passed to the resolver with the domain name.  To the user,   
 the domain tree is a single information space; the resolver is             
 responsible for hiding the distribution of data among name servers from    
 the user.                                                                  
                                                                            
 From the resolver's point of view, the database that makes up the domain   
 space is distributed among various name servers.  Different parts of the   
 domain space are stored in different name servers, although a particular   
 data item will be stored redundantly in two or more name servers.  The     
 resolver starts with knowledge of at least one name server.  When the      
 resolver processes a user query it asks a known name server for the        
 information; in return, the resolver either receives the desired           
 information or a referral to another name server.  Using these             
 referrals, resolvers learn the identities and contents of other name       
 servers.  Resolvers are responsible for dealing with the distribution of   
 the domain space and dealing with the effects of name server failure by    
 consulting redundant databases in other servers.                           
                                                                            
 Name servers manage two kinds of data.  The first kind of data held in     
 sets called zones; each zone is the complete database for a particular     
 "pruned" subtree of the domain space.  This data is called                 
 authoritative.  A name server periodically checks to make sure that its    
 zones are up to date, and if not, obtains a new copy of updated zones      
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                     [Page 3]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 from master files stored locally or in another name server.  The second    
 kind of data is cached data which was acquired by a local resolver.        
 This data may be incomplete, but improves the performance of the           
 retrieval process when non-local data is repeatedly accessed.  Cached      
 data is eventually discarded by a timeout mechanism.                       
                                                                            
 This functional structure isolates the problems of user interface,         
 failure recovery, and distribution in the resolvers and isolates the       
 database update and refresh problems in the name servers.                  
                                                                            
 2.2. Common configurations                                                 
                                                                            
 A host can participate in the domain name system in a number of ways,      
 depending on whether the host runs programs that retrieve information      
 from the domain system, name servers that answer queries from other        
 hosts, or various combinations of both functions.  The simplest, and       
 perhaps most typical, configuration is shown below:                        
                                                                            
                  Local Host                        |  Foreign              
                                                    |                       
     +---------+               +----------+         |  +--------+           
     |         | user queries  |          |queries  |  |        |           
     |  User   |-------------->|          |---------|->|Foreign |           
     | Program |               | Resolver |         |  |  Name  |           
     |         |<--------------|          |<--------|--| Server |           
     |         | user responses|          |responses|  |        |           
     +---------+               +----------+         |  +--------+           
                                 |     A            |                       
                 cache additions |     | references |                       
                                 V     |            |                       
                               +----------+         |                       
                               |  cache   |         |                       
                               +----------+         |                       
                                                                            
 User programs interact with the domain name space through resolvers; the   
 format of user queries and user responses is specific to the host and      
 its operating system.  User queries will typically be operating system     
 calls, and the resolver and its cache will be part of the host operating   
 system.  Less capable hosts may choose to implement the resolver as a      
 subroutine to be linked in with every program that needs its services.     
 Resolvers answer user queries with information they acquire via queries    
 to foreign name servers and the local cache.                               
                                                                            
 Note that the resolver may have to make several queries to several         
 different foreign name servers to answer a particular user query, and      
 hence the resolution of a user query may involve several network           
 accesses and an arbitrary amount of time.  The queries to foreign name     
 servers and the corresponding responses have a standard format described   
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                     [Page 4]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 in this memo, and may be datagrams.                                        
                                                                            
 Depending on its capabilities, a name server could be a stand alone        
 program on a dedicated machine or a process or processes on a large        
 timeshared host.  A simple configuration might be:                         
                                                                            
                  Local Host                        |  Foreign              
                                                    |                       
       +---------+                                  |                       
      /         /|                                  |                       
     +---------+ |             +----------+         |  +--------+           
     |         | |             |          |responses|  |        |           
     |         | |             |   Name   |---------|->|Foreign |           
     |  Master |-------------->|  Server  |         |  |Resolver|           
     |  files  | |             |          |<--------|--|        |           
     |         |/              |          | queries |  +--------+           
     +---------+               +----------+         |                       
                                                                            
 Here a primary name server acquires information about one or more zones    
 by reading master files from its local file system, and answers queries    
 about those zones that arrive from foreign resolvers.                      
                                                                            
 The DNS requires that all zones be redundantly supported by more than      
 one name server.  Designated secondary servers can acquire zones and       
 check for updates from the primary server using the zone transfer          
 protocol of the DNS.  This configuration is shown below:                   
                                                                            
                  Local Host                        |  Foreign              
                                                    |                       
       +---------+                                  |                       
      /         /|                                  |                       
     +---------+ |             +----------+         |  +--------+           
     |         | |             |          |responses|  |        |           
     |         | |             |   Name   |---------|->|Foreign |           
     |  Master |-------------->|  Server  |         |  |Resolver|           
     |  files  | |             |          |<--------|--|        |           
     |         |/              |          | queries |  +--------+           
     +---------+               +----------+         |                       
                                 A     |maintenance |  +--------+           
                                 |     +------------|->|        |           
                                 |      queries     |  |Foreign |           
                                 |                  |  |  Name  |           
                                 +------------------|--| Server |           
                              maintenance responses |  +--------+           
                                                                            
 In this configuration, the name server periodically establishes a          
 virtual circuit to a foreign name server to acquire a copy of a zone or    
 to check that an existing copy has not changed.  The messages sent for     
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                     [Page 5]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 these maintenance activities follow the same form as queries and           
 responses, but the message sequences are somewhat different.               
                                                                            
 The information flow in a host that supports all aspects of the domain     
 name system is shown below:                                                
                                                                            
                  Local Host                        |  Foreign              
                                                    |                       
     +---------+               +----------+         |  +--------+           
     |         | user queries  |          |queries  |  |        |           
     |  User   |-------------->|          |---------|->|Foreign |           
     | Program |               | Resolver |         |  |  Name  |           
     |         |<--------------|          |<--------|--| Server |           
     |         | user responses|          |responses|  |        |           
     +---------+               +----------+         |  +--------+           
                                 |     A            |                       
                 cache additions |     | references |                       
                                 V     |            |                       
                               +----------+         |                       
                               |  Shared  |         |                       
                               | database |         |                       
                               +----------+         |                       
                                 A     |            |                       
       +---------+     refreshes |     | references |                       
      /         /|               |     V            |                       
     +---------+ |             +----------+         |  +--------+           
     |         | |             |          |responses|  |        |           
     |         | |             |   Name   |---------|->|Foreign |           
     |  Master |-------------->|  Server  |         |  |Resolver|           
     |  files  | |             |          |<--------|--|        |           
     |         |/              |          | queries |  +--------+           
     +---------+               +----------+         |                       
                                 A     |maintenance |  +--------+           
                                 |     +------------|->|        |           
                                 |      queries     |  |Foreign |           
                                 |                  |  |  Name  |           
                                 +------------------|--| Server |           
                              maintenance responses |  +--------+           
                                                                            
 The shared database holds domain space data for the local name server      
 and resolver.  The contents of the shared database will typically be a     
 mixture of authoritative data maintained by the periodic refresh           
 operations of the name server and cached data from previous resolver       
 requests.  The structure of the domain data and the necessity for          
 synchronization between name servers and resolvers imply the general       
 characteristics of this database, but the actual format is up to the       
 local implementor.                                                         
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                     [Page 6]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Information flow can also be tailored so that a group of hosts act         
 together to optimize activities.  Sometimes this is done to offload less   
 capable hosts so that they do not have to implement a full resolver.       
 This can be appropriate for PCs or hosts which want to minimize the        

 amount of new network code which is required.  This scheme can also        
 allow a group of hosts can share a small number of caches rather than      
 maintaining a large number of separate caches, on the premise that the     
 centralized caches will have a higher hit ratio.  In either case,          
 resolvers are replaced with stub resolvers which act as front ends to      
 resolvers located in a recursive server in one or more name servers        
 known to perform that service:                                             
                                                                            
                    Local Hosts                     |  Foreign              
                                                    |                       
     +---------+                                    |                       
     |         | responses                          |                       
     | Stub    |<--------------------+              |                       
     | Resolver|                     |              |                       
     |         |----------------+    |              |                       
     +---------+ recursive      |    |              |                       
                 queries        |    |              |                       
                                V    |              |                       
     +---------+ recursive     +----------+         |  +--------+           
     |         | queries       |          |queries  |  |        |           
     | Stub    |-------------->| Recursive|---------|->|Foreign |           
     | Resolver|               | Server   |         |  |  Name  |           
     |         |<--------------|          |<--------|--| Server |           
     +---------+ responses     |          |responses|  |        |           
                               +----------+         |  +--------+           
                               |  Central |         |                       
                               |   cache  |         |                       
                               +----------+         |                       
                                                                            
 In any case, note that domain components are always replicated for         
 reliability whenever possible.                                             
                                                                            
 2.3. Conventions                                                           
                                                                            
 The domain system has several conventions dealing with low-level, but      
 fundamental, issues.  While the implementor is free to violate these       
 conventions WITHIN HIS OWN SYSTEM, he must observe these conventions in    
 ALL behavior observed from other hosts.                                    
                                                                            

amount of new network code which is required.  This scheme can also
allow a group of hosts can share a small number of caches rather than
maintaining a large number of separate caches, on the premise that the
centralized caches will have a higher hit ratio.  In either case,

amount of new network code which is required.  This scheme can also
allow a group of hosts canto share a small number of caches rather than
maintaining a large number of separate caches, on the premise that the
centralized caches will have a higher hit ratio.  In either case,

 2.3.1. Preferred name syntax                                               
                                                                            
 The DNS specifications attempt to be as general as possible in the rules   
 for constructing domain names.  The idea is that the name of any           
 existing object can be expressed as a domain name with minimal changes.    
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                     [Page 7]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 However, when assigning a domain name for an object, the prudent user      
 will select a name which satisfies both the rules of the domain system     
 and any existing rules for the object, whether these rules are published   
 or implied by existing programs.                                           
                                                                            
 For example, when naming a mail domain, the user should satisfy both the   
 rules of this memo and those in RFC-822.  When creating a new host name,   
 the old rules for HOSTS.TXT should be followed.  This avoids problems      
 when old software is converted to use domain names.                        
                                                                            
 The following syntax will result in fewer problems with many               
                                                                            
 applications that use domain names (e.g., mail, TELNET).                   
                                                                            
 <domain> ::= <subdomain> | " "                                             
                                                                            
 <subdomain> ::= <label> | <subdomain> "." <label>                          
                                                                            
 <label> ::= <letter> [ [ <ldh-str> ] <let-dig> ]                           
                                                                            
 <ldh-str> ::= <let-dig-hyp> | <let-dig-hyp> <ldh-str>                      
                                                                            
 <let-dig-hyp> ::= <let-dig> | "-"                                          
                                                                            
 <let-dig> ::= <letter> | <digit>                                           
                                                                            
 <letter> ::= any one of the 52 alphabetic characters A through Z in        
 upper case and a through z in lower case                                   
                                                                            
 <digit> ::= any one of the ten digits 0 through 9                          
                                                                            

The following syntax will result in fewer problems with many

applications that use domain names (e.g., mail, TELNET).

The following syntax will result in fewer problems with many
applications that use domain names (e.g., mail, TELNET).

In section "2.3.1. Preferred name syntax" of RFC 1035, there occures a
double newline in the middle of a sentence. This double newline should
be replaced by a single newline.

 Note that while upper and lower case letters are allowed in domain         
 names, no significance is attached to the case.  That is, two names with   
 the same spelling but different case are to be treated as if identical.    
                                                                            
 The labels must follow the rules for ARPANET host names.  They must        
 start with a letter, end with a letter or digit, and have as interior      
 characters only letters, digits, and hyphen.  There are also some          
 restrictions on the length.  Labels must be 63 characters or less.         
                                                                            
 For example, the following strings identify hosts in the Internet:         
                                                                            
 A.ISI.EDU XX.LCS.MIT.EDU SRI-NIC.ARPA                                      
                                                                            
 2.3.2. Data Transmission Order                                             
                                                                            
 The order of transmission of the header and data described in this         
 document is resolved to the octet level.  Whenever a diagram shows a       
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                     [Page 8]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 group of octets, the order of transmission of those octets is the normal   
 order in which they are read in English.  For example, in the following    
 diagram, the octets are transmitted in the order they are numbered.        
                                                                            
      0                   1                                                 
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5                                       
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                      
     |       1       |       2       |                                      
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                      
     |       3       |       4       |                                      
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                      
     |       5       |       6       |                                      
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                      
                                                                            
 Whenever an octet represents a numeric quantity, the left most bit in      
 the diagram is the high order or most significant bit.  That is, the bit   
 labeled 0 is the most significant bit.  For example, the following         
 diagram represents the value 170 (decimal).                                
                                                                            
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7                                                       
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                                      
     |1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0|                                                      
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                                      
                                                                            
 Similarly, whenever a multi-octet field represents a numeric quantity      
 the left most bit of the whole field is the most significant bit.  When    
 a multi-octet quantity is transmitted the most significant octet is        
 transmitted first.                                                         
                                                                            

 2.3.3. Character Case                                                      
                                                                            
 For all parts of the DNS that are part of the official protocol, all       
 comparisons between character strings (e.g., labels, domain names, etc.)   
 are done in a case-insensitive manner.  At present, this rule is in        
 force throughout the domain system without exception.  However, future     
 additions beyond current usage may need to use the full binary octet       
 capabilities in names, so attempts to store domain names in 7-bit ASCII    
 or use of special bytes to terminate labels, etc., should be avoided.      
                                                                            
 When data enters the domain system, its original case should be            
 preserved whenever possible.  In certain circumstances this cannot be      
 done.  For example, if two RRs are stored in a database, one at x.y and    
 one at X.Y, they are actually stored at the same place in the database,    
 and hence only one casing would be preserved.  The basic rule is that      
 case can be discarded only when data is used to define structure in a      
 database, and two names are identical when compared in a case              
 insensitive manner.                                                        
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                     [Page 9]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Loss of case sensitive data must be minimized.  Thus while data for x.y    
 and X.Y may both be stored under a single location x.y or X.Y, data for    
 a.x and B.X would never be stored under A.x, A.X, b.x, or b.X.  In         
 general, this preserves the case of the first label of a domain name,      
 but forces standardization of interior node labels.                        
                                                                            
 Systems administrators who enter data into the domain database should      
 take care to represent the data they supply to the domain system in a      
 case-consistent manner if their system is case-sensitive.  The data        
 distribution system in the domain system will ensure that consistent       
 representations are preserved.                                             
                                                                            
 2.3.4. Size limits                                                         
                                                                            
 Various objects and parameters in the DNS have size limits.  They are      
 listed below.  Some could be easily changed, others are more               
 fundamental.                                                               
                                                                            
 labels          63 octets or less                                          
                                                                            
 names           255 octets or less                                         
                                                                            
 TTL             positive values of a signed 32 bit number.                 
                                                                            
 UDP messages    512 octets or less                                         
                                                                            
 . DOMAIN NAME SPACE AND RR DEFINITIONS                                    
                                                                            
 3.1. Name space definitions                                                
                                                                            
 Domain names in messages are expressed in terms of a sequence of labels.   
 Each label is represented as a one octet length field followed by that     
 number of octets.  Since every domain name ends with the null label of     
 the root, a domain name is terminated by a length byte of zero.  The       
 high order two bits of every length octet must be zero, and the            
 remaining six bits of the length field limit the label to 63 octets or     
 less.                                                                      
                                                                            
 To simplify implementations, the total length of a domain name (i.e.,      
 label octets and label length octets) is restricted to 255 octets or       
 less.                                                                      
                                                                            
 Although labels can contain any 8 bit values in octets that make up a      
 label, it is strongly recommended that labels follow the preferred         
 syntax described elsewhere in this memo, which is compatible with          
 existing host naming conventions.  Name servers and resolvers must         

 compare labels in a case-insensitive manner (i.e., A=a), assuming ASCII    
 with zero parity.  Non-alphabetic codes must match exactly.                
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 10]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 3.2. RR definitions                                                        
                                                                            
 3.2.1. Format                                                              
                                                                            
 All RRs have the same top level format shown below:                        
                                                                            
                                     1  1  1  1  1  1                       
       0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5                       
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                                               |                      
     /                                               /                      
     /                      NAME                     /                      
     |                                               |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                      TYPE                     |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                     CLASS                     |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                      TTL                      |                      
     |                                               |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                   RDLENGTH                    |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--|                      
     /                     RDATA                     /                      
     /                                               /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 NAME            an owner name, i.e., the name of the node to which this    
                 resource record pertains.                                  
                                                                            
 TYPE            two octets containing one of the RR TYPE codes.            
                                                                            
 CLASS           two octets containing one of the RR CLASS codes.           
                                                                            

 TTL             a 32 bit signed integer that specifies the time interval   
                 that the resource record may be cached before the source   
                 of the information should again be consulted.  Zero        
                 values are interpreted to mean that the RR can only be     
                 used for the transaction in progress, and should not be    
                 cached.  For example, SOA records are always distributed   
                 with a zero TTL to prohibit caching.  Zero values can      
                 also be used for extremely volatile data.                  
                                                                            
 RDLENGTH        an unsigned 16 bit integer that specifies the length in    
                 octets of the RDATA field.                                 
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 11]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 RDATA           a variable length string of octets that describes the      
                 resource.  The format of this information varies           
                 according to the TYPE and CLASS of the resource record.    
                                                                            
 3.2.2. TYPE values                                                         
                                                                            
 TYPE fields are used in resource records.  Note that these types are a     
 subset of QTYPEs.                                                          
                                                                            
 TYPE            value and meaning                                          
                                                                            
 A               1 a host address                                           
                                                                            
 NS              2 an authoritative name server                             
                                                                            
 MD              3 a mail destination (Obsolete - use MX)                   
                                                                            
 MF              4 a mail forwarder (Obsolete - use MX)                     
                                                                            
 CNAME           5 the canonical name for an alias                          
                                                                            
 SOA             6 marks the start of a zone of authority                   
                                                                            
 MB              7 a mailbox domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)                     
                                                                            
 MG              8 a mail group member (EXPERIMENTAL)                       
                                                                            
 MR              9 a mail rename domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)                 
                                                                            
 NULL            10 a null RR (EXPERIMENTAL)                                
                                                                            
 WKS             11 a well known service description                        
                                                                            
 PTR             12 a domain name pointer                                   
                                                                            
 HINFO           13 host information                                        
                                                                            
 MINFO           14 mailbox or mail list information                        
                                                                            
 MX              15 mail exchange                                           
                                                                            
 TXT             16 text strings                                            
                                                                            
 3.2.3. QTYPE values                                                        
                                                                            
 QTYPE fields appear in the question part of a query.  QTYPES are a         
 superset of TYPEs, hence all TYPEs are valid QTYPEs.  In addition, the     
 following QTYPEs are defined:                                              
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 12]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 AXFR            252 A request for a transfer of an entire zone             
                                                                            
 MAILB           253 A request for mailbox-related records (MB, MG or MR)   
                                                                            
 MAILA           254 A request for mail agent RRs (Obsolete - see MX)       
                                                                            

TTL             a 32 bit signed integer that specifies the time interval
                that the resource record may be cached before the source
                of the information should again be consulted.  Zero
                values are interpreted to mean that the RR can only be
                used for the transaction in progress, and should not be
                cached.  For example, SOA records are always distributed
                with a zero TTL to prohibit caching.  Zero values can
                also be used for extremely volatile data.

TTL             a 32 bit unsigned integer that specifies the time interval
                that the resource record may be cached before the source
                of the information should again be consulted.  Zero
                values are interpreted to mean that the RR can only be
                used for the transaction in progress, and should not be
                cached.  For example, SOA records are always distributed
                with a zero TTL to prohibit caching.  Zero values can
                also be used for extremely volatile data.

It may be observed that in section 3.2.1 of RFC1035, which defines
the format of a Resource Record, that the definition of the TTL field
contains a throw away line which states that the TTL of an SOA record
should always be sent as zero to prevent caching.  This is mentioned
nowhere else, and has not generally been implemented.
Implementations should not assume that SOA records will have a TTL of
zero, nor are they required to send SOA records with a TTL of zero.

 *               255 A request for all records                              
                                                                            
 3.2.4. CLASS values                                                        
                                                                            
 CLASS fields appear in resource records.  The following CLASS mnemonics    
 and values are defined:                                                    
                                                                            
 IN              1 the Internet                                             
                                                                            
 CS              2 the CSNET class (Obsolete - used only for examples in    
                 some obsolete RFCs)                                        
                                                                            
 CH              3 the CHAOS class                                          
                                                                            
 HS              4 Hesiod [Dyer 87]                                         
                                                                            
 3.2.5. QCLASS values                                                       
                                                                            
 QCLASS fields appear in the question section of a query.  QCLASS values    
 are a superset of CLASS values; every CLASS is a valid QCLASS.  In         
 addition to CLASS values, the following QCLASSes are defined:              
                                                                            
 *               255 any class                                              
                                                                            
 3.3. Standard RRs                                                          
                                                                            
 The following RR definitions are expected to occur, at least               
 potentially, in all classes.  In particular, NS, SOA, CNAME, and PTR       
 will be used in all classes, and have the same format in all classes.      
 Because their RDATA format is known, all domain names in the RDATA         
 section of these RRs may be compressed.                                    
                                                                            
 <domain-name> is a domain name represented as a series of labels, and      
 terminated by a label with zero length.  <character-string> is a single    
 length octet followed by that number of characters.  <character-string>    
 is treated as binary information, and can be up to 256 characters in       
 length (including the length octet).                                       
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 13]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 3.3.1. CNAME RDATA format                                                  
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                     CNAME                     /                      
     /                                               /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 CNAME           A <domain-name> which specifies the canonical or primary   
                 name for the owner.  The owner name is an alias.           
                                                                            
 CNAME RRs cause no additional section processing, but name servers may     
 choose to restart the query at the canonical name in certain cases.  See   
 the description of name server logic in [RFC-1034] for details.            
                                                                            
 3.3.2. HINFO RDATA format                                                  
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                      CPU                      /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                       OS                      /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 CPU             A <character-string> which specifies the CPU type.         
                                                                            
 OS              A <character-string> which specifies the operating         
                 system type.                                               
                                                                            
 Standard values for CPU and OS can be found in [RFC-1010].                 
                                                                            
 HINFO records are used to acquire general information about a host.  The   
 main use is for protocols such as FTP that can use special procedures      
 when talking between machines or operating systems of the same type.       
                                                                            
 3.3.3. MB RDATA format (EXPERIMENTAL)                                      
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                   MADNAME                     /                      
     /                                               /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 MADNAME         A <domain-name> which specifies a host which has the       
                 specified mailbox.                                         
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 14]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 MB records cause additional section processing which looks up an A type    
 RRs corresponding to MADNAME.                                              
                                                                            
 3.3.4. MD RDATA format (Obsolete)                                          
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                   MADNAME                     /                      
     /                                               /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 MADNAME         A <domain-name> which specifies a host which has a mail    
                 agent for the domain which should be able to deliver       
                 mail for the domain.                                       
                                                                            
 MD records cause additional section processing which looks up an A type    
 record corresponding to MADNAME.                                           
                                                                            
 MD is obsolete.  See the definition of MX and [RFC-974] for details of     
 the new scheme.  The recommended policy for dealing with MD RRs found in   
 a master file is to reject them, or to convert them to MX RRs with a       
 preference of 0.                                                           
                                                                            
 3.3.5. MF RDATA format (Obsolete)                                          
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                   MADNAME                     /                      
     /                                               /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 MADNAME         A <domain-name> which specifies a host which has a mail    
                 agent for the domain which will accept mail for            
                 forwarding to the domain.                                  
                                                                            
 MF records cause additional section processing which looks up an A type    
 record corresponding to MADNAME.                                           
                                                                            

 MF is obsolete.  See the definition of MX and [RFC-974] for details ofw    

See the definition of MX and [RFC-974] for details ofw
the new scheme.

See the definition of MX and [RFC-974] for details ofw
the new scheme.

 the new scheme.  The recommended policy for dealing with MD RRs found in   
 a master file is to reject them, or to convert them to MX RRs with a       
 preference of 10.                                                          
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 15]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 3.3.6. MG RDATA format (EXPERIMENTAL)                                      
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                   MGMNAME                     /                      
     /                                               /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 MGMNAME         A <domain-name> which specifies a mailbox which is a       
                 member of the mail group specified by the domain name.     
                                                                            
 MG records cause no additional section processing.                         
                                                                            
 3.3.7. MINFO RDATA format (EXPERIMENTAL)                                   
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                    RMAILBX                    /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                    EMAILBX                    /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 RMAILBX         A <domain-name> which specifies a mailbox which is         
                 responsible for the mailing list or mailbox.  If this      
                 domain name names the root, the owner of the MINFO RR is   
                 responsible for itself.  Note that many existing mailing   
                 lists use a mailbox X-request for the RMAILBX field of     
                 mailing list X, e.g., Msgroup-request for Msgroup.  This   
                 field provides a more general mechanism.                   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 EMAILBX         A <domain-name> which specifies a mailbox which is to      
                 receive error messages related to the mailing list or      
                 mailbox specified by the owner of the MINFO RR (similar    
                 to the ERRORS-TO: field which has been proposed).  If      
                 this domain name names the root, errors should be          
                 returned to the sender of the message.                     
                                                                            
 MINFO records cause no additional section processing.  Although these      
 records can be associated with a simple mailbox, they are usually used     
 with a mailing list.                                                       
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 16]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 3.3.8. MR RDATA format (EXPERIMENTAL)                                      
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                   NEWNAME                     /                      
     /                                               /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 NEWNAME         A <domain-name> which specifies a mailbox which is the     
                 proper rename of the specified mailbox.                    
                                                                            
 MR records cause no additional section processing.  The main use for MR    
 is as a forwarding entry for a user who has moved to a different           
 mailbox.                                                                   
                                                                            
 3.3.9. MX RDATA format                                                     
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                  PREFERENCE                   |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                   EXCHANGE                    /                      
     /                                               /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 PREFERENCE      A 16 bit integer which specifies the preference given to   
                 this RR among others at the same owner.  Lower values      
                 are preferred.                                             
                                                                            
 EXCHANGE        A <domain-name> which specifies a host willing to act as   
                 a mail exchange for the owner name.                        
                                                                            
 MX records cause type A additional section processing for the host         
 specified by EXCHANGE.  The use of MX RRs is explained in detail in        
 [RFC-974].                                                                 
                                                                            
 3.3.10. NULL RDATA format (EXPERIMENTAL)                                   
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                  <anything>                   /                      
     /                                               /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 Anything at all may be in the RDATA field so long as it is 65535 octets    
 or less.                                                                   
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 17]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 NULL records cause no additional section processing.  NULL RRs are not     
 allowed in master files.  NULLs are used as placeholders in some           
 experimental extensions of the DNS.                                        
                                                                            
 3.3.11. NS RDATA format                                                    
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                   NSDNAME                     /                      
     /                                               /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 NSDNAME         A <domain-name> which specifies a host which should be     
                 authoritative for the specified class and domain.          
                                                                            
 NS records cause both the usual additional section processing to locate    
 a type A record, and, when used in a referral, a special search of the     
 zone in which they reside for glue information.                            
                                                                            
 The NS RR states that the named host should be expected to have a zone     
 starting at owner name of the specified class.  Note that the class may    
 not indicate the protocol family which should be used to communicate       
 with the host, although it is typically a strong hint.  For example,       
 hosts which are name servers for either Internet (IN) or Hesiod (HS)       
 class information are normally queried using IN class protocols.           
                                                                            
 3.3.12. PTR RDATA format                                                   
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                   PTRDNAME                    /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 PTRDNAME        A <domain-name> which points to some location in the       
                 domain name space.                                         
                                                                            
 PTR records cause no additional section processing.  These RRs are used    
 in special domains to point to some other location in the domain space.    
 These records are simple data, and don't imply any special processing      
 similar to that performed by CNAME, which identifies aliases.  See the     
 description of the IN-ADDR.ARPA domain for an example.                     
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 18]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 3.3.13. SOA RDATA format                                                   
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                     MNAME                     /                      
     /                                               /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                     RNAME                     /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                    SERIAL                     |                      
     |                                               |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                    REFRESH                    |                      
     |                                               |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                     RETRY                     |                      
     |                                               |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                    EXPIRE                     |                      
     |                                               |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                    MINIMUM                    |                      
     |                                               |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            

The recommended policy for dealing with MD RRs found in
a master file is to reject them, or to convert them to MX RRs with a
preference of 10.

The recommended policy for dealing with MDMF RRs found in
a master file is to reject them, or to convert them to MX RRs with a
preference of 10.

 MNAME           The <domain-name> of the name server that was the          
                 original or primary source of data for this zone.          
                                                                            
 RNAME           A <domain-name> which specifies the mailbox of the         
                 person responsible for this zone.                          
                                                                            

1.3. This document intentionally gives more definition to the roles
of "Master," "Slave" and "Stealth" servers, their enumeration in NS
RRs, and the SOA MNAME field.  In that sense, this document can be
considered an addendum to [RFC1035].

 SERIAL          The unsigned 32 bit version number of the original copy    
                 of the zone.  Zone transfers preserve this value.  This    
                 value wraps and should be compared using sequence space    
                 arithmetic.                                                
                                                                            
 REFRESH         A 32 bit time interval before the zone should be           
                 refreshed.                                                 
                                                                            
 RETRY           A 32 bit time interval that should elapse before a         
                 failed refresh should be retried.                          
                                                                            
 EXPIRE          A 32 bit time value that specifies the upper limit on      
                 the time interval that can elapse before the zone is no    
                 longer authoritative.                                      
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 19]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 MINIMUM         The unsigned 32 bit minimum TTL field that should be       
                 exported with any RR from this zone.                       
                                                                            
 SOA records cause no additional section processing.                        
                                                                            
 All times are in units of seconds.                                         
                                                                            
 Most of these fields are pertinent only for name server maintenance        
 operations.  However, MINIMUM is used in all query operations that         
 retrieve RRs from a zone.  Whenever a RR is sent in a response to a        
 query, the TTL field is set to the maximum of the TTL field from the RR    
 and the MINIMUM field in the appropriate SOA.  Thus MINIMUM is a lower     
 bound on the TTL field for all RRs in a zone.  Note that this use of       
 MINIMUM should occur when the RRs are copied into the response and not     
 when the zone is loaded from a master file or via a zone transfer.  The    

 reason for this provison is to allow future dynamic update facilities to   
 change the SOA RR with known semantics.                                    
                                                                            
                                                                            
 3.3.14. TXT RDATA format                                                   
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     /                   TXT-DATA                    /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 TXT-DATA        One or more <character-string>s.                           
                                                                            
 TXT RRs are used to hold descriptive text.  The semantics of the text      
 depends on the domain where it is found.                                   
                                                                            
 3.4. Internet specific RRs                                                 
                                                                            

reason for this provison is to allow future dynamic update facilities to

reason for this provision is to allow future dynamic update facilities to

 3.4.1. A RDATA format                                                      
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                    ADDRESS                    |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 ADDRESS         A 32 bit Internet address.                                 
                                                                            
 Hosts that have multiple Internet addresses will have multiple A           
 records.                                                                   
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 20]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 A records cause no additional section processing.  The RDATA section of    
 an A line in a master file is an Internet address expressed as four        
 decimal numbers separated by dots without any imbedded spaces (e.g.,       
 "10.2.0.52" or "192.0.5.6").                                               
                                                                            

3.4.1. A RDATA format

    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |                    ADDRESS                    |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

where:

ADDRESS         A 32 bit Internet address.

3.4.1. A RDATA format

    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |                    ADDRESS                    |
    |                                               |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

where:

ADDRESS         A 32 bit Internet address.

 3.4.2. WKS RDATA format                                                    
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                    ADDRESS                    |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |       PROTOCOL        |                       |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                       |                      
     |                                               |                      
     /                   <BIT MAP>                   /                      
     /                                               /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 ADDRESS         An 32 bit Internet address                                 
                                                                            
 PROTOCOL        An 8 bit IP protocol number                                
                                                                            
 <BIT MAP>       A variable length bit map.  The bit map must be a          
                 multiple of 8 bits long.                                   
                                                                            
 The WKS record is used to describe the well known services supported by    
 a particular protocol on a particular internet address.  The PROTOCOL      
 field specifies an IP protocol number, and the bit map has one bit per     
 port of the specified protocol.  The first bit corresponds to port 0,      
 the second to port 1, etc.  If the bit map does not include a bit for a    
 protocol of interest, that bit is assumed zero.  The appropriate values    
 and mnemonics for ports and protocols are specified in [RFC-1010].         
                                                                            
 For example, if PROTOCOL=TCP (6), the 26th bit corresponds to TCP port     
  (SMTP).  If this bit is set, a SMTP server should be listening on TCP   
 port 25; if zero, SMTP service is not supported on the specified           
 address.                                                                   
                                                                            
 The purpose of WKS RRs is to provide availability information for          
 servers for TCP and UDP.  If a server supports both TCP and UDP, or has    
 multiple Internet addresses, then multiple WKS RRs are used.               
                                                                            
 WKS RRs cause no additional section processing.                            
                                                                            
 In master files, both ports and protocols are expressed using mnemonics    
 or decimal numbers.                                                        
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 21]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 3.5. IN-ADDR.ARPA domain                                                   
                                                                            
 The Internet uses a special domain to support gateway location and         
 Internet address to host mapping.  Other classes may employ a similar      
 strategy in other domains.  The intent of this domain is to provide a      
 guaranteed method to perform host address to host name mapping, and to     
 facilitate queries to locate all gateways on a particular network in the   
 Internet.                                                                  
                                                                            
 Note that both of these services are similar to functions that could be    
 performed by inverse queries; the difference is that this part of the      
 domain name space is structured according to address, and hence can        
 guarantee that the appropriate data can be located without an exhaustive   
 search of the domain space.                                                
                                                                            
 The domain begins at IN-ADDR.ARPA and has a substructure which follows     
 the Internet addressing structure.                                         
                                                                            
 Domain names in the IN-ADDR.ARPA domain are defined to have up to four     
 labels in addition to the IN-ADDR.ARPA suffix.  Each label represents      
 one octet of an Internet address, and is expressed as a character string   
 for a decimal value in the range 0-255 (with leading zeros omitted         
 except in the case of a zero octet which is represented by a single        
 zero).                                                                     
                                                                            
 Host addresses are represented by domain names that have all four labels   
 specified.  Thus data for Internet address 10.2.0.52 is located at         
 domain name 52.0.2.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.  The reversal, though awkward to       
 read, allows zones to be delegated which are exactly one network of        
 address space.  For example, 10.IN-ADDR.ARPA can be a zone containing      
 data for the ARPANET, while 26.IN-ADDR.ARPA can be a separate zone for     
 MILNET.  Address nodes are used to hold pointers to primary host names     
 in the normal domain space.                                                
                                                                            
 Network numbers correspond to some non-terminal nodes at various depths    
 in the IN-ADDR.ARPA domain, since Internet network numbers are either 1,   
 2, or 3 octets.  Network nodes are used to hold pointers to the primary    
 host names of gateways attached to that network.  Since a gateway is, by   
 definition, on more than one network, it will typically have two or more   
 network nodes which point at it.  Gateways will also have host level       
 pointers at their fully qualified addresses.                               
                                                                            
 Both the gateway pointers at network nodes and the normal host pointers    
 at full address nodes use the PTR RR to point back to the primary domain   
 names of the corresponding hosts.                                          
                                                                            
 For example, the IN-ADDR.ARPA domain will contain information about the    
 ISI gateway between net 10 and 26, an MIT gateway from net 10 to MIT's     
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 22]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 net 18, and hosts A.ISI.EDU and MULTICS.MIT.EDU.  Assuming that ISI        
 gateway has addresses 10.2.0.22 and 26.0.0.103, and a name MILNET-         
 GW.ISI.EDU, and the MIT gateway has addresses 10.0.0.77 and 18.10.0.4      
 and a name GW.LCS.MIT.EDU, the domain database would contain:              
                                                                            
     10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.           PTR MILNET-GW.ISI.EDU.                      
     10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.           PTR GW.LCS.MIT.EDU.                         
     18.IN-ADDR.ARPA.           PTR GW.LCS.MIT.EDU.                         
     26.IN-ADDR.ARPA.           PTR MILNET-GW.ISI.EDU.                      
     22.0.2.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.    PTR MILNET-GW.ISI.EDU.                      
     103.0.0.26.IN-ADDR.ARPA.   PTR MILNET-GW.ISI.EDU.                      
     77.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.    PTR GW.LCS.MIT.EDU.                         
     4.0.10.18.IN-ADDR.ARPA.    PTR GW.LCS.MIT.EDU.                         
     103.0.3.26.IN-ADDR.ARPA.   PTR A.ISI.EDU.                              
     6.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.     PTR MULTICS.MIT.EDU.                        
                                                                            
 Thus a program which wanted to locate gateways on net 10 would originate   
 a query of the form QTYPE=PTR, QCLASS=IN, QNAME=10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.  It       
 would receive two RRs in response:                                         
                                                                            
     10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.           PTR MILNET-GW.ISI.EDU.                      
     10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.           PTR GW.LCS.MIT.EDU.                         
                                                                            
 The program could then originate QTYPE=A, QCLASS=IN queries for MILNET-    
 GW.ISI.EDU. and GW.LCS.MIT.EDU. to discover the Internet addresses of      
 these gateways.                                                            
                                                                            
 A resolver which wanted to find the host name corresponding to Internet    
 host address 10.0.0.6 would pursue a query of the form QTYPE=PTR,          
 QCLASS=IN, QNAME=6.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA, and would receive:                 
                                                                            
     6.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.     PTR MULTICS.MIT.EDU.                        
                                                                            
 Several cautions apply to the use of these services:                       
    - Since the IN-ADDR.ARPA special domain and the normal domain           
      for a particular host or gateway will be in different zones,          
      the possibility exists that that the data may be inconsistent.        
                                                                            
    - Gateways will often have two names in separate domains, only          
      one of which can be primary.                                          
                                                                            
    - Systems that use the domain database to initialize their              
      routing tables must start with enough gateway information to          
      guarantee that they can access the appropriate name server.           
                                                                            
    - The gateway data only reflects the existence of a gateway in a        
      manner equivalent to the current HOSTS.TXT file.  It doesn't          
      replace the dynamic availability information from GGP or EGP.         
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 23]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 3.6. Defining new types, classes, and special namespaces                   
                                                                            
 The previously defined types and classes are the ones in use as of the     
 date of this memo.  New definitions should be expected.  This section      
 makes some recommendations to designers considering additions to the       
 existing facilities.  The mailing list NAMEDROPPERS@SRI-NIC.ARPA is the    
 forum where general discussion of design issues takes place.               
                                                                            
 In general, a new type is appropriate when new information is to be        
 added to the database about an existing object, or we need new data        
 formats for some totally new object.  Designers should attempt to define   
 types and their RDATA formats that are generally applicable to all         
 classes, and which avoid duplication of information.  New classes are      
 appropriate when the DNS is to be used for a new protocol, etc which       
 requires new class-specific data formats, or when a copy of the existing   
 name space is desired, but a separate management domain is necessary.      
                                                                            
 New types and classes need mnemonics for master files; the format of the   
 master files requires that the mnemonics for type and class be disjoint.   
                                                                            
 TYPE and CLASS values must be a proper subset of QTYPEs and QCLASSes       
 respectively.                                                              
                                                                            
 The present system uses multiple RRs to represent multiple values of a     
 type rather than storing multiple values in the RDATA section of a         
 single RR.  This is less efficient for most applications, but does keep    
 RRs shorter.  The multiple RRs assumption is incorporated in some          
 experimental work on dynamic update methods.                               
                                                                            
 The present system attempts to minimize the duplication of data in the     
 database in order to insure consistency.  Thus, in order to find the       
 address of the host for a mail exchange, you map the mail domain name to   
 a host name, then the host name to addresses, rather than a direct         
 mapping to host address.  This approach is preferred because it avoids     
 the opportunity for inconsistency.                                         
                                                                            
 In defining a new type of data, multiple RR types should not be used to    
 create an ordering between entries or express different formats for        
 equivalent bindings, instead this information should be carried in the     
 body of the RR and a single type used.  This policy avoids problems with   
 caching multiple types and defining QTYPEs to match multiple types.        
                                                                            
 For example, the original form of mail exchange binding used two RR        
 types one to represent a "closer" exchange (MD) and one to represent a     
 "less close" exchange (MF).  The difficulty is that the presence of one    
 RR type in a cache doesn't convey any information about the other          
 because the query which acquired the cached information might have used    
 a QTYPE of MF, MD, or MAILA (which matched both).  The redesigned          
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 24]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 service used a single type (MX) with a "preference" value in the RDATA     
 section which can order different RRs.  However, if any MX RRs are found   
 in the cache, then all should be there.                                    
                                                                            
 . MESSAGES                                                                
                                                                            
 4.1. Format                                                                
                                                                            
 All communications inside of the domain protocol are carried in a single   
 format called a message.  The top level format of message is divided       
 into 5 sections (some of which are empty in certain cases) shown below:    
                                                                            
     +---------------------+                                                
     |        Header       |                                                
     +---------------------+                                                
     |       Question      | the question for the name server               
     +---------------------+                                                
     |        Answer       | RRs answering the question                     
     +---------------------+                                                
     |      Authority      | RRs pointing toward an authority               
     +---------------------+                                                
     |      Additional     | RRs holding additional information             
     +---------------------+                                                
                                                                            
 The header section is always present.  The header includes fields that     
 specify which of the remaining sections are present, and also specify      
 whether the message is a query or a response, a standard query or some     
 other opcode, etc.                                                         
                                                                            
 The names of the sections after the header are derived from their use in   
 standard queries.  The question section contains fields that describe a    
 question to a name server.  These fields are a query type (QTYPE), a       
 query class (QCLASS), and a query domain name (QNAME).  The last three     
 sections have the same format: a possibly empty list of concatenated       
 resource records (RRs).  The answer section contains RRs that answer the   
 question; the authority section contains RRs that point toward an          
 authoritative name server; the additional records section contains RRs     
 which relate to the query, but are not strictly answers for the            
 question.                                                                  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 25]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            

3.4.2. WKS RDATA format

    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |                    ADDRESS                    |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |       PROTOCOL        |                       |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                       |
    |                                               |
    /                   <­BIT MAP>                   /
    /                                               /
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

where:

ADDRESS         An 32 bit Internet address

PROTOCOL        An 8 bit IP protocol number

<­BIT MAP>       A variable length bit map.  The bit map must be a
                multiple of 8 bits long

3.4.2. WKS RDATA format

    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |                    ADDRESS                    |
    |                                               |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |       PROTOCOL        |                       |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                       |
    |                                               |
    /                   <­BIT MAP>                   /
    /                                               /
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

where:

ADDRESS         An 32 bit Internet address

PROTOCOL        An 8 bit IP protocol number

<­BIT MAP>       A variable length bit map.  The bit map must be a
                multiple of 8 bits long

 4.1.1. Header section format                                               
                                                                            
 The header contains the following fields:                                  
                                                                            

ID              A 16 bit identifier assigned by the program that
                generates any kind of query.  This identifier is copied
                the corresponding reply and can be used by the requester
                to match up replies to outstanding queries.

ID              A 16 bit identifier assigned by the program that
                generates any kind of query.  This identifier is copied
                to the corresponding reply and can be used by the
                requester to match up replies to outstanding queries.

There’s a missing preposition.

                                     1  1  1  1  1  1                       
       0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5                       
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                      ID                       |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |QR|   Opcode  |AA|TC|RD|RA|   Z    |   RCODE   |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                    QDCOUNT                    |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                    ANCOUNT                    |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                    NSCOUNT                    |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                    ARCOUNT                    |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            

                                    1  1  1  1  1  1
      0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |                      ID                       |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |QR|   Opcode  |AA|TC|RD|RA|   Z    |   RCODE   |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |                    QDCOUNT                    |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |                    ANCOUNT                    |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |                    NSCOUNT                    |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |                    ARCOUNT                    |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

                                    1  1  1  1  1  1
      0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |                      ID                       |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |QR|   OPCODE  |AA|TC|RD|RA|   Z    |   RCODE   |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |                    QDCOUNT                    |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |                    ANCOUNT                    |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |                    NSCOUNT                    |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
    |                    ARCOUNT                    |
    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

 ID              A 16 bit identifier assigned by the program that           
                 generates any kind of query.  This identifier is copied    
                 the corresponding reply and can be used by the requester   
                 to match up replies to outstanding queries.                
                                                                            
 QR              A one bit field that specifies whether this message is a   
                 query (0), or a response (1).                              
                                                                            

ID              A 16 bit identifier assigned by the program that
                generates any kind of query.  This identifier is copied
                the corresponding reply and can be used by the requester
                to match up replies to outstanding queries.

ID              A 16 bit identifier assigned by the program that
                generates any kind of query.  This identifier is copied
                to the corresponding reply and can be used by the
		requester to match up replies to outstanding queries.

 OPCODE          A four bit field that specifies kind of query in this      
                 message.  This value is set by the originator of a query   
                 and copied into the response.  The values are:             
                                                                            
                 0               a standard query (QUERY)                   
                                                                            

OPCODE          A four bit field that specifies kind of query in this
                message.  This value is set by the originator of a query
                and copied into the response.  The values are:

OPCODE          A four bit field that specifies the kind of query in
                this message.  This value is set by the originator of a
                query and copied into the response.  The values are:

                 1               an inverse query (IQUERY)                  
                                                                            
                 2               a server status request (STATUS)           
                                                                            
                 3-15            reserved for future use                    
                                                                            
 AA              Authoritative Answer - this bit is valid in responses,     
                 and specifies that the responding name server is an        
                 authority for the domain name in question section.         
                                                                            
                 Note that the contents of the answer section may have      
                 multiple owner names because of aliases.  The AA bit       
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 26]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
                 corresponds to the name which matches the query name, or   
                 the first owner name in the answer section.                
                                                                            
 TC              TrunCation - specifies that this message was truncated     
                 due to length greater than that permitted on the           
                 transmission channel.                                      
                                                                            
 RD              Recursion Desired - this bit may be set in a query and     
                 is copied into the response.  If RD is set, it directs     
                 the name server to pursue the query recursively.           
                 Recursive query support is optional.                       
                                                                            

 RA              Recursion Available - this be is set or cleared in a       
                 response, and denotes whether recursive query support is   
                 available in the name server.                              
                                                                            
 Z               Reserved for future use.  Must be zero in all queries      
                 and responses.                                             
                                                                            
 RCODE           Response code - this 4 bit field is set as part of         
                 responses.  The values have the following                  
                 interpretation:                                            
                                                                            
                 0               No error condition                         
                                                                            
                 1               Format error - The name server was         
                                 unable to interpret the query.             
                                                                            
                 2               Server failure - The name server was       
                                 unable to process this query due to a      
                                 problem with the name server.              
                                                                            
                 3               Name Error - Meaningful only for           
                                 responses from an authoritative name       
                                 server, this code signifies that the       
                                 domain name referenced in the query does   
                                 not exist.                                 
                                                                            
                 4               Not Implemented - The name server does     
                                 not support the requested kind of query.   
                                                                            
                 5               Refused - The name server refuses to       
                                 perform the specified operation for        
                                 policy reasons.  For example, a name       
                                 server may not wish to provide the         
                                 information to the particular requester,   
                                 or a name server may not wish to perform   
                                 a particular operation (e.g., zone         
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 27]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                 transfer) for particular data.             
                                                                            
                 6-15            Reserved for future use.                   
                                                                            
 QDCOUNT         an unsigned 16 bit integer specifying the number of        
                 entries in the question section.                           
                                                                            
 ANCOUNT         an unsigned 16 bit integer specifying the number of        
                 resource records in the answer section.                    
                                                                            
 NSCOUNT         an unsigned 16 bit integer specifying the number of name   
                 server resource records in the authority records           
                 section.                                                   
                                                                            
 ARCOUNT         an unsigned 16 bit integer specifying the number of        
                 resource records in the additional records section.        
                                                                            
 4.1.2. Question section format                                             
                                                                            
 The question section is used to carry the "question" in most queries,      
 i.e., the parameters that define what is being asked.  The section         
 contains QDCOUNT (usually 1) entries, each of the following format:        
                                                                            
                                     1  1  1  1  1  1                       
       0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5                       
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                                               |                      
     /                     QNAME                     /                      
     /                                               /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                     QTYPE                     |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                     QCLASS                    |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 QNAME           a domain name represented as a sequence of labels, where   
                 each label consists of a length octet followed by that     
                 number of octets.  The domain name terminates with the     
                 zero length octet for the null label of the root.  Note    
                 that this field may be an odd number of octets; no         
                 padding is used.                                           
                                                                            
 QTYPE           a two octet code which specifies the type of the query.    
                 The values for this field include all codes valid for a    
                 TYPE field, together with some more general codes which    
                 can match more than one type of RR.                        
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 28]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 QCLASS          a two octet code that specifies the class of the query.    
                 For example, the QCLASS field is IN for the Internet.      
                                                                            
 4.1.3. Resource record format                                              
                                                                            
 The answer, authority, and additional sections all share the same          
 format: a variable number of resource records, where the number of         
 records is specified in the corresponding count field in the header.       
 Each resource record has the following format:                             
                                     1  1  1  1  1  1                       
       0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5                       
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                                               |                      
     /                                               /                      
     /                      NAME                     /                      
     |                                               |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                      TYPE                     |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                     CLASS                     |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                      TTL                      |                      
     |                                               |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     |                   RDLENGTH                    |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--|                      
     /                     RDATA                     /                      
     /                                               /                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 where:                                                                     
                                                                            
 NAME            a domain name to which this resource record pertains.      
                                                                            
 TYPE            two octets containing one of the RR type codes.  This      
                 field specifies the meaning of the data in the RDATA       
                 field.                                                     
                                                                            
 CLASS           two octets which specify the class of the data in the      
                 RDATA field.                                               
                                                                            

RA              Recursion Available - this be is set or cleared in a

RA              Recursion Available - this beit is set or cleared in a

 TTL             a 32 bit unsigned integer that specifies the time          
                 interval (in seconds) that the resource record may be      
                 cached before it should be discarded.  Zero values are     
                 interpreted to mean that the RR can only be used for the   
                 transaction in progress, and should not be cached.         
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 29]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 RDLENGTH        an unsigned 16 bit integer that specifies the length in    
                 octets of the RDATA field.                                 
                                                                            

 RDATA           a variable length string of octets that describes the      
                 resource.  The format of this information varies           
                 according to the TYPE and CLASS of the resource record.    
                 For example, the if the TYPE is A and the CLASS is IN,     
                 the RDATA field is a 4 octet ARPA Internet address.        
                                                                            
 4.1.4. Message compression                                                 
                                                                            
 In order to reduce the size of messages, the domain system utilizes a      
 compression scheme which eliminates the repetition of domain names in a    

RDATA           a variable length string of octets that describes the
                resource.  The format of this information varies
                according to the TYPE and CLASS of the resource record.
                For example, the if the TYPE is A and the CLASS is IN,
                the RDATA field is a 4 octet ARPA Internet address.

RDATA           a variable length string of octets that describes the
                resource.  The format of this information varies
                according to the TYPE and CLASS of the resource record.
                For example, the if the TYPE is A and the CLASS is IN,
                the RDATA field is a 4 octet ARPA Internet address.

 message.  In this scheme, an entire domain name or a list of labels at     
 the end of a domain name is replaced with a pointer to a prior occurance   
 of the same name.                                                          
                                                                            
 The pointer takes the form of a two octet sequence:                        
                                                                            
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
     | 1  1|                OFFSET                   |                      
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                      
                                                                            
 The first two bits are ones.  This allows a pointer to be distinguished    
 from a label, since the label must begin with two zero bits because        
 labels are restricted to 63 octets or less.  (The 10 and 01 combinations   
 are reserved for future use.)  The OFFSET field specifies an offset from   
 the start of the message (i.e., the first octet of the ID field in the     
 domain header).  A zero offset specifies the first byte of the ID field,   
 etc.                                                                       
                                                                            
 The compression scheme allows a domain name in a message to be             
 represented as either:                                                     
                                                                            
    - a sequence of labels ending in a zero octet                           
                                                                            
    - a pointer                                                             
                                                                            
    - a sequence of labels ending with a pointer                            
                                                                            

In this scheme, an entire domain name or a list of labels at
the end of a domain name is replaced with a pointer to a prior occurance
of the same name.

In this scheme, an entire domain name or a list of labels at
the end of a domain name is replaced with a pointer to a prior occurarence
of the same name.

 Pointers can only be used for occurances of a domain name where the        
 format is not class specific.  If this were not the case, a name server    
 or resolver would be required to know the format of all RRs it handled.    
 As yet, there are no such cases, but they may occur in future RDATA        
 formats.                                                                   
                                                                            
 If a domain name is contained in a part of the message subject to a        
 length field (such as the RDATA section of an RR), and compression is      
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 30]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 used, the length of the compressed name is used in the length              
 calculation, rather than the length of the expanded name.                  
                                                                            
 Programs are free to avoid using pointers in messages they generate,       
 although this will reduce datagram capacity, and may cause truncation.     
 However all programs are required to understand arriving messages that     
 contain pointers.                                                          
                                                                            
 For example, a datagram might need to use the domain names F.ISI.ARPA,     
 FOO.F.ISI.ARPA, ARPA, and the root.  Ignoring the other fields of the      
 message, these domain names might be represented as:                       
                                                                            
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
     20 |           1           |           F           |                   
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
     22 |           3           |           I           |                   
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
     24 |           S           |           I           |                   
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
     26 |           4           |           A           |                   
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
     28 |           R           |           P           |                   
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
     30 |           A           |           0           |                   
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
                                                                            
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
     40 |           3           |           F           |                   
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
     42 |           O           |           O           |                   
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
     44 | 1  1|                20                       |                   
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
                                                                            
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
     64 | 1  1|                26                       |                   
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
                                                                            
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
     92 |           0           |                       |                   
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+                   
                                                                            
 The domain name for F.ISI.ARPA is shown at offset 20.  The domain name     
 FOO.F.ISI.ARPA is shown at offset 40; this definition uses a pointer to    
 concatenate a label for FOO to the previously defined F.ISI.ARPA.  The     
 domain name ARPA is defined at offset 64 using a pointer to the ARPA       
 component of the name F.ISI.ARPA at 20; note that this pointer relies on   
 ARPA being the last label in the string at 20.  The root domain name is    
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 31]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 defined by a single octet of zeros at 92; the root domain name has no      
 labels.                                                                    
                                                                            
 4.2. Transport                                                             
                                                                            
 The DNS assumes that messages will be transmitted as datagrams or in a     
 byte stream carried by a virtual circuit.  While virtual circuits can be   
 used for any DNS activity, datagrams are preferred for queries due to      
 their lower overhead and better performance.  Zone refresh activities      
 must use virtual circuits because of the need for reliable transfer.       
                                                                            
 The Internet supports name server access using TCP [RFC-793] on server     
 port 53 (decimal) as well as datagram access using UDP [RFC-768] on UDP    
 port 53 (decimal).                                                         
                                                                            

Pointers can only be used for occurances of a domain name where the

Pointers can only be used for occurarences of a domain name where the

 4.2.1. UDP usage                                                           
                                                                            

Messages sent using UDP user server port 53 (decimal).

Messages sent using UDP uses server port 53 (decimal).

--VERIFIER NOTES--
Duplicate of errata #4227.

RFC 1035 is ambiguous on the question of whether TCP responses may be
reordered -- the only relevant text is in Section 4.2.1, which
relates to UDP:

	 Queries or their responses may be reordered by the network, or by
	 processing in name servers, so resolvers should not depend on them
	 being returned in order.

For the avoidance of future doubt, this requirement is clarified.
Authoritative servers and recursive resolvers are RECOMMENDED to
support the preparing of responses in parallel and sending them out
of order, regardless of the transport protocol in use.  Stub and
recursive resolvers MUST be able to process responses that arrive in
a different order than that in which the requests were sent,
regardless of the transport protocol in use.

 Messages sent using UDP user server port 53 (decimal).                     
                                                                            
 Messages carried by UDP are restricted to 512 bytes (not counting the IP   
 or UDP headers).  Longer messages are truncated and the TC bit is set in   
 the header.                                                                
                                                                            
 UDP is not acceptable for zone transfers, but is the recommended method    
 for standard queries in the Internet.  Queries sent using UDP may be       
 lost, and hence a retransmission strategy is required.  Queries or their   
 responses may be reordered by the network, or by processing in name        
 servers, so resolvers should not depend on them being returned in order.   
                                                                            
 The optimal UDP retransmission policy will vary with performance of the    
 Internet and the needs of the client, but the following are recommended:   
                                                                            
    - The client should try other servers and server addresses              
      before repeating a query to a specific address of a server.           
                                                                            
    - The retransmission interval should be based on prior                  
      statistics if possible.  Too aggressive retransmission can            
      easily slow responses for the community at large.  Depending          
      on how well connected the client is to its expected servers,          
      the minimum retransmission interval should be 2-5 seconds.            
                                                                            
 More suggestions on server selection and retransmission policy can be      
 found in the resolver section of this memo.                                
                                                                            
 4.2.2. TCP usage                                                           
                                                                            
 Messages sent over TCP connections use server port 53 (decimal).  The      
 message is prefixed with a two byte length field which gives the message   
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 32]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 length, excluding the two byte length field.  This length field allows     
 the low-level processing to assemble a complete message before beginning   
 to parse it.                                                               
                                                                            
 Several connection management policies are recommended:                    
                                                                            
    - The server should not block other activities waiting for TCP          
      data.                                                                 
                                                                            
    - The server should support multiple connections.                       
                                                                            
    - The server should assume that the client will initiate                
      connection closing, and should delay closing its end of the           
      connection until all outstanding client requests have been            
      satisfied.                                                            
                                                                            
    - If the server needs to close a dormant connection to reclaim          
      resources, it should wait until the connection has been idle          
      for a period on the order of two minutes.  In particular, the         

Messages sent using UDP user server port 53 (decimal).

Messages sent using UDP user server port 53 (decimal).

      server should allow the SOA and AXFR request sequence (which          
      begins a refresh operation) to be made on a single connection.        
      Since the server would be unable to answer queries anyway, a          
      unilateral close or reset may be used instead of a graceful           
      close.                                                                
                                                                            
 . MASTER FILES                                                            
                                                                            
 Master files are text files that contain RRs in text form.  Since the      
 contents of a zone can be expressed in the form of a list of RRs a         
 master file is most often used to define a zone, though it can be used     
 to list a cache's contents.  Hence, this section first discusses the       
 format of RRs in a master file, and then the special considerations when   
 a master file is used to create a zone in some name server.                
                                                                            
 5.1. Format                                                                
                                                                            
 The format of these files is a sequence of entries.  Entries are           
 predominantly line-oriented, though parentheses can be used to continue    
 a list of items across a line boundary, and text literals can contain      
 CRLF within the text.  Any combination of tabs and spaces act as a         
 delimiter between the separate items that make up an entry.  The end of    
 any line in the master file can end with a comment.  The comment starts    
 with a ";" (semicolon).                                                    
                                                                            

 The following entries are defined:                                         
                                                                            
     <blank>[<comment>]                                                     
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 33]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
     $ORIGIN <domain-name> [<comment>]                                      
                                                                            
     $INCLUDE <file-name> [<domain-name>] [<comment>]                       
                                                                            
     <domain-name><rr> [<comment>]                                          
                                                                            
     <blank><rr> [<comment>]                                                
                                                                            
 Blank lines, with or without comments, are allowed anywhere in the file.   
                                                                            
 Two control entries are defined: $ORIGIN and $INCLUDE.  $ORIGIN is         
 followed by a domain name, and resets the current origin for relative      
 domain names to the stated name.  $INCLUDE inserts the named file into     
 the current file, and may optionally specify a domain name that sets the   
 relative domain name origin for the included file.  $INCLUDE may also      
 have a comment.  Note that a $INCLUDE entry never changes the relative     
 origin of the parent file, regardless of changes to the relative origin    
 made within the included file.                                             
                                                                            
 The last two forms represent RRs.  If an entry for an RR begins with a     
 blank, then the RR is assumed to be owned by the last stated owner.  If    
 an RR entry begins with a <domain-name>, then the owner name is reset.     
                                                                            
 <rr> contents take one of the following forms:                             
                                                                            
     [<TTL>] [<class>] <type> <RDATA>                                       
                                                                            
     [<class>] [<TTL>] <type> <RDATA>                                       
                                                                            
 The RR begins with optional TTL and class fields, followed by a type and   
 RDATA field appropriate to the type and class.  Class and type use the     
 standard mnemonics, TTL is a decimal integer.  Omitted class and TTL       
 values are default to the last explicitly stated values.  Since type and   
 class mnemonics are disjoint, the parse is unique.  (Note that this        
 order is different from the order used in examples and the order used in   
 the actual RRs; the given order allows easier parsing and defaulting.)     
                                                                            
 <domain-name>s make up a large share of the data in the master file.       
 The labels in the domain name are expressed as character strings and       
 separated by dots.  Quoting conventions allow arbitrary characters to be   
 stored in domain names.  Domain names that end in a dot are called         
 absolute, and are taken as complete.  Domain names which do not end in a   
 dot are called relative; the actual domain name is the concatenation of    
 the relative part with an origin specified in a $ORIGIN, $INCLUDE, or as   
 an argument to the master file loading routine.  A relative name is an     
 error when no origin is available.                                         
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 34]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 <character-string> is expressed in one or two ways: as a contiguous set    
 of characters without interior spaces, or as a string beginning with a "   
 and ending with a ".  Inside a " delimited string any character can        
 occur, except for a " itself, which must be quoted using \ (back slash).   
                                                                            

The Master File format [RFC 1035 Section 5] is extended to include
the following directive:

$TTL <TTL> [comment]

All resource records appearing after the directive, and which do not
explicitly include a TTL value, have their TTL set to the TTL given
in the $TTL directive.  SIG records without a explicit TTL get their
TTL from the "original TTL" of the SIG record [RFC 2065 Section 4.5].

 Because these files are text files several special encodings are           
 necessary to allow arbitrary data to be loaded.  In particular:            
                                                                            
                 of the root.                                               
                                                                            
 @               A free standing @ is used to denote the current origin.    
                                                                            
 \X              where X is any character other than a digit (0-9), is      
                 used to quote that character so that its special meaning   
                 does not apply.  For example, "\." can be used to place    
                 a dot character in a label.                                
                                                                            

Because these files are text files several special encodings are
necessary to allow arbitrary data to be loaded. In particular:

                of the root.

@               A free standing @ is used to denote the current origin.

Because these files are text files several special encodings are
necessary to allow arbitrary data to be loaded. In particular:

                of the root.

@               A free standing @ is used to denote the current origin.

 \DDD            where each D is a digit is the octet corresponding to      
                 the decimal number described by DDD.  The resulting        
                 octet is assumed to be text and is not checked for         
                 special meaning.                                           
                                                                            
 ( )             Parentheses are used to group data that crosses a line     
                 boundary.  In effect, line terminations are not            
                 recognized within parentheses.                             
                                                                            
 ;               Semicolon is used to start a comment; the remainder of     
                 the line is ignored.                                       
                                                                            
 5.2. Use of master files to define zones                                   
                                                                            
 When a master file is used to load a zone, the operation should be         
 suppressed if any errors are encountered in the master file.  The          
 rationale for this is that a single error can have widespread              
 consequences.  For example, suppose that the RRs defining a delegation     
 have syntax errors; then the server will return authoritative name         
 errors for all names in the subzone (except in the case where the          
 subzone is also present on the server).                                    
                                                                            

\DDD            where each D is a digit is the octet corresponding to

\DDD            where each D is a digit isn the octet corresponding to

 Several other validity checks that should be performed in addition to      
 insuring that the file is syntactically correct:                           
                                                                            
    1. All RRs in the file should have the same class.                      
                                                                            
    2. Exactly one SOA RR should be present at the top of the zone.         
                                                                            
    3. If delegations are present and glue information is required,         
       it should be present.                                                
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 35]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
    4. Information present outside of the authoritative nodes in the        
       zone should be glue information, rather than the result of an        
       origin or similar error.                                             
                                                                            
 5.3. Master file example                                                   
                                                                            

Several other validity checks that should be performed in addition to
insuring that the file is syntactically correct:

   1. All RRs in the file should have the same class.

   2. Exactly one SOA RR should be present at the top of the zone.

   3. If delegations are present and glue information is required,
      it should be present.

   4. Information present outside of the authoritative nodes in the
      zone should be glue information, rather than the result of an
      origin or similar error.

Several other validity checks that should be performed in addition to
insuring that the file is syntactically correct:

   1. All RRs in the file should have the same class.

   2. Exactly one SOA RR should be present at the top of the zone.

   3. If delegations are present and glue information is required,
      it should be present.

   4. Information present outside of the authoritative nodes in the
      zone should be glue information, rather than the result of an
      origin or similar error.

   5. At least one NS RR must be present at the top of the zone.

 The following is an example file which might be used to define the         
 ISI.EDU zone.and is loaded with an origin of ISI.EDU:                      
                                                                            
 @   IN  SOA     VENERA      Action\.domains (                              
                                  20     ; SERIAL                           
                                  7200   ; REFRESH                          
                                  600    ; RETRY                            
                                  3600000; EXPIRE                           
                                  60)    ; MINIMUM                          
                                                                            
         NS      A.ISI.EDU.                                                 
         NS      VENERA                                                     
         NS      VAXA                                                       
         MX      10      VENERA                                             
         MX      20      VAXA                                               
                                                                            
 A       A       26.3.0.103                                                 
                                                                            
 VENERA  A       10.1.0.52                                                  
         A       128.9.0.32                                                 
                                                                            
 VAXA    A       10.2.0.27                                                  
         A       128.9.0.33                                                 
                                                                            
                                                                            
 $INCLUDE <SUBSYS>ISI-MAILBOXES.TXT                                         
                                                                            
 Where the file <SUBSYS>ISI-MAILBOXES.TXT is:                               
                                                                            
     MOE     MB      A.ISI.EDU.                                             
     LARRY   MB      A.ISI.EDU.                                             
     CURLEY  MB      A.ISI.EDU.                                             
     STOOGES MG      MOE                                                    
             MG      LARRY                                                  
             MG      CURLEY                                                 
                                                                            
 Note the use of the \ character in the SOA RR to specify the responsible   
 person mailbox "Action.domains@E.ISI.EDU".                                 
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 36]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 . NAME SERVER IMPLEMENTATION                                              
                                                                            
 6.1. Architecture                                                          
                                                                            
 The optimal structure for the name server will depend on the host          
 operating system and whether the name server is integrated with resolver   
 operations, either by supporting recursive service, or by sharing its      
 database with a resolver.  This section discusses implementation           
 considerations for a name server which shares a database with a            
 resolver, but most of these concerns are present in any name server.       
                                                                            
 6.1.1. Control                                                             
                                                                            
 A name server must employ multiple concurrent activities, whether they     
 are implemented as separate tasks in the host's OS or multiplexing         
 inside a single name server program.  It is simply not acceptable for a    
 name server to block the service of UDP requests while it waits for TCP    
 data for refreshing or query activities.  Similarly, a name server         
 should not attempt to provide recursive service without processing such    
 requests in parallel, though it may choose to serialize requests from a    
 single client, or to regard identical requests from the same client as     
 duplicates.  A name server should not substantially delay requests while   
 it reloads a zone from master files or while it incorporates a newly       
 refreshed zone into its database.                                          
                                                                            
 6.1.2. Database                                                            
                                                                            
 While name server implementations are free to use any internal data        
 structures they choose, the suggested structure consists of three major    
 parts:                                                                     
                                                                            
    - A "catalog" data structure which lists the zones available to         
      this server, and a "pointer" to the zone data structure.  The         
      main purpose of this structure is to find the nearest ancestor        
      zone, if any, for arriving standard queries.                          
                                                                            
    - Separate data structures for each of the zones held by the            
      name server.                                                          
                                                                            
    - A data structure for cached data. (or perhaps separate caches         
      for different classes)                                                
                                                                            
 All of these data structures can be implemented an identical tree          
 structure format, with different data chained off the nodes in different   
 parts: in the catalog the data is pointers to zones, while in the zone     
 and cache data structures, the data will be RRs.  In designing the tree    
 framework the designer should recognize that query processing will need    
 to traverse the tree using case-insensitive label comparisons; and that    
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 37]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 in real data, a few nodes have a very high branching factor (100-1000 or   
 more), but the vast majority have a very low branching factor (0-1).       
                                                                            

The following is an example file which might be used to define the
ISI.EDU zone.and is loaded with an origin of ISI.EDU:

The following is an example file which might be used to define the
ISI.EDU zone. and is loaded with an origin of ISI.EDU:

The following is an example file which might be used to define the
ISI.EDU zone.and is loaded with an origin of ISI.EDU:

@   IN  SOA     VENERA      Action\.domains (
                                 20     ; SERIAL
                                 7200   ; REFRESH
                                 600    ; RETRY
                                 3600000; EXPIRE
                                 60)    ; MINIMUM

        NS      A.ISI.EDU.
        NS      VENERA
        NS      VAXA
        MX      10      VENERA
        MX      20      VAXA

A       A       26.3.0.103

VENERA  A       10.1.0.52
        A       128.9.0.32

VAXA    A       10.2.0.27
        A       128.9.0.33


[...]

Note the use of the \ character in the SOA RR to specify the responsible
person mailbox "Action.domains@E.ISI.EDU".

The following is an example file which might be used to define the
ISI.EDU zone.and is loaded with an origin of ISI.EDU:

@   IN  SOA     VENERA      Action\.domains (
                                 20     ; SERIAL
                                 7200   ; REFRESH
                                 600    ; RETRY
                                 3600000; EXPIRE
                                 60)    ; MINIMUM

        NS      A.ISI.EDU.
        NS      VENERA
        NS      VAXA
        MX      10      VENERA
        MX      20      VAXA

A       A       26.3.0.103

VENERA  A       10.1.0.52
        A       128.9.0.32

VAXA    A       10.2.0.27
        A       128.9.0.33


[...]

Note the use of the \ character in the SOA RR to specify the responsible
person mailbox "Action.domains@E.ISI.EDU".

 One way to solve the case problem is to store the labels for each node     
 in two pieces: a standardized-case representation of the label where all   
 ASCII characters are in a single case, together with a bit mask that       
 denotes which characters are actually of a different case.  The            
 branching factor diversity can be handled using a simple linked list for   
 a node until the branching factor exceeds some threshold, and              
 transitioning to a hash structure after the threshold is exceeded.  In     
 any case, hash structures used to store tree sections must insure that     
 hash functions and procedures preserve the casing conventions of the       
 DNS.                                                                       
                                                                            
 The use of separate structures for the different parts of the database     
 is motivated by several factors:                                           
                                                                            
    - The catalog structure can be an almost static structure that          
      need change only when the system administrator changes the            
      zones supported by the server.  This structure can also be            
      used to store parameters used to control refreshing                   
      activities.                                                           
                                                                            
    - The individual data structures for zones allow a zone to be           
      replaced simply by changing a pointer in the catalog.  Zone           
      refresh operations can build a new structure and, when                
      complete, splice it into the database via a simple pointer            
      replacement.  It is very important that when a zone is                
      refreshed, queries should not use old and new data                    
      simultaneously.                                                       
                                                                            
    - With the proper search procedures, authoritative data in zones        
      will always "hide", and hence take precedence over, cached            
      data.                                                                 
                                                                            
    - Errors in zone definitions that cause overlapping zones, etc.,        
      may cause erroneous responses to queries, but problem                 
      determination is simplified, and the contents of one "bad"            
      zone can't corrupt another.                                           
                                                                            
    - Since the cache is most frequently updated, it is most                
      vulnerable to corruption during system restarts.  It can also         
      become full of expired RR data.  In either case, it can easily        
      be discarded without disturbing zone data.                            
                                                                            
 A major aspect of database design is selecting a structure which allows    
 the name server to deal with crashes of the name server's host.  State     
 information which a name server should save across system crashes          
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 38]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 includes the catalog structure (including the state of refreshing for      
 each zone) and the zone data itself.                                       
                                                                            
 6.1.3. Time                                                                
                                                                            
 Both the TTL data for RRs and the timing data for refreshing activities    
 depends on 32 bit timers in units of seconds.  Inside the database,        
 refresh timers and TTLs for cached data conceptually "count down", while   
 data in the zone stays with constant TTLs.                                 
                                                                            
 A recommended implementation strategy is to store time in two ways:  as    
 a relative increment and as an absolute time.  One way to do this is to    
 use positive 32 bit numbers for one type and negative numbers for the      
 other.  The RRs in zones use relative times; the refresh timers and        
 cache data use absolute times.  Absolute numbers are taken with respect    
 to some known origin and converted to relative values when placed in the   
 response to a query.  When an absolute TTL is negative after conversion    
 to relative, then the data is expired and should be ignored.               
                                                                            
 6.2. Standard query processing                                             
                                                                            
 The major algorithm for standard query processing is presented in          
 [RFC-1034].                                                                
                                                                            
 When processing queries with QCLASS=*, or some other QCLASS which          
 matches multiple classes, the response should never be authoritative       
 unless the server can guarantee that the response covers all classes.      
                                                                            
 When composing a response, RRs which are to be inserted in the             
 additional section, but duplicate RRs in the answer or authority           
 sections, may be omitted from the additional section.                      
                                                                            

 When a response is so long that truncation is required, the truncation     
 should start at the end of the response and work forward in the            
 datagram.  Thus if there is any data for the authority section, the        
 answer section is guaranteed to be unique.                                 
                                                                            
 The MINIMUM value in the SOA should be used to set a floor on the TTL of   
 data distributed from a zone.  This floor function should be done when     
 the data is copied into a response.  This will allow future dynamic        
 update protocols to change the SOA MINIMUM field without ambiguous         
 semantics.                                                                 
                                                                            
 6.3. Zone refresh and reload processing                                    
                                                                            
 In spite of a server's best efforts, it may be unable to load zone data    
 from a master file due to syntax errors, etc., or be unable to refresh a   
 zone within the its expiration parameter.  In this case, the name server   
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 39]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 should answer queries as if it were not supposed to possess the zone.      
                                                                            
 If a master is sending a zone out via AXFR, and a new version is created   
 during the transfer, the master should continue to send the old version    
 if possible.  In any case, it should never send part of one version and    
 part of another.  If completion is not possible, the master should reset   
 the connection on which the zone transfer is taking place.                 
                                                                            
 6.4. Inverse queries (Optional)                                            
                                                                            
 Inverse queries are an optional part of the DNS.  Name servers are not     
 required to support any form of inverse queries.  If a name server         
 receives an inverse query that it does not support, it returns an error    
 response with the "Not Implemented" error set in the header.  While        
 inverse query support is optional, all name servers must be at least       
 able to return the error response.                                         
                                                                            
 6.4.1. The contents of inverse queries and responses          Inverse      
 queries reverse the mappings performed by standard query operations;       
 while a standard query maps a domain name to a resource, an inverse        
 query maps a resource to a domain name.  For example, a standard query     
 might bind a domain name to a host address; the corresponding inverse      
 query binds the host address to a domain name.                             
                                                                            
 Inverse queries take the form of a single RR in the answer section of      
 the message, with an empty question section.  The owner name of the        
 query RR and its TTL are not significant.  The response carries            
 questions in the question section which identify all names possessing      
 the query RR WHICH THE NAME SERVER KNOWS.  Since no name server knows      
 about all of the domain name space, the response can never be assumed to   
 be complete.  Thus inverse queries are primarily useful for database       
 management and debugging activities.  Inverse queries are NOT an           
 acceptable method of mapping host addresses to host names; use the IN-     
 ADDR.ARPA domain instead.                                                  
                                                                            

When a response is so long that truncation is required, the truncation
should start at the end of the response and work forward in the
datagram.  Thus if there is any data for the authority section, the
answer section is guaranteed to be unique.

When a response is so long that truncation is required, the truncation
should start at the end of the response and work forward in the
datagram.  Thus if there is any data for the authority section, the
answer section is guaranteed to be uniquecomplete.

 Where possible, name servers should provide case-insensitive comparisons   
 for inverse queries.  Thus an inverse query asking for an MX RR of         
 "Venera.isi.edu" should get the same response as a query for               
 "VENERA.ISI.EDU"; an inverse query for HINFO RR "IBM-PC UNIX" should       
 produce the same result as an inverse query for "IBM-pc unix".  However,   
 this cannot be guaranteed because name servers may possess RRs that        
 contain character strings but the name server does not know that the       
 data is character.                                                         
                                                                            
 When a name server processes an inverse query, it either returns:          
                                                                            
    1. zero, one, or multiple domain names for the specified                
       resource as QNAMEs in the question section                           
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 40]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
    2. an error code indicating that the name server doesn't support        
       inverse mapping of the specified resource type.                      
                                                                            
 When the response to an inverse query contains one or more QNAMEs, the     
 owner name and TTL of the RR in the answer section which defines the       
 inverse query is modified to exactly match an RR found at the first        
 QNAME.                                                                     
                                                                            
 RRs returned in the inverse queries cannot be cached using the same        
 mechanism as is used for the replies to standard queries.  One reason      
 for this is that a name might have multiple RRs of the same type, and      
 only one would appear.  For example, an inverse query for a single         
 address of a multiply homed host might create the impression that only     
 one address existed.                                                       
                                                                            
 6.4.2. Inverse query and response example          The overall structure   
 of an inverse query for retrieving the domain name that corresponds to     
 Internet address 10.1.0.52 is shown below:                                 
                                                                            

                          +-----------------------------------------+       

                         +-----------------------------------------+
           Header        |         OPCODE=RESPONSE, ID=997         |
                         +-----------------------------------------+
          Question       |QTYPE=A, QCLASS=IN, QNAME=VENERA.ISI.EDU |
                         +-----------------------------------------+
           Answer        |  VENERA.ISI.EDU  A IN 10.1.0.52         |
                         +-----------------------------------------+
          Authority      |                 <­empty>                 |
                         +-----------------------------------------+
         Additional      |                 <­empty>                 |
                         +-----------------------------------------+

                         +-----------------------------------------+
           Header        |      OPCODE=IQUERY, ID=997, QR=1        |
                         +-----------------------------------------+
          Question       |QTYPE=A, QCLASS=IN, QNAME=VENERA.ISI.EDU |
                         +-----------------------------------------+
           Answer        |  VENERA.ISI.EDU  A IN 10.1.0.52         |
                         +-----------------------------------------+
          Authority      |                 <­empty>                 |
                         +-----------------------------------------+
         Additional      |                 <­empty>                 |
                         +-----------------------------------------+

            Header        |          OPCODE=IQUERY, ID=997          |       
                          +-----------------------------------------+       
           Question       |                 <empty>                 |       
                          +-----------------------------------------+       
            Answer        |        <anyname> A IN 10.1.0.52         |       
                          +-----------------------------------------+       
           Authority      |                 <empty>                 |       
                          +-----------------------------------------+       
          Additional      |                 <empty>                 |       
                          +-----------------------------------------+       
                                                                            
 This query asks for a question whose answer is the Internet style          
 address 10.1.0.52.  Since the owner name is not known, any domain name     
 can be used as a placeholder (and is ignored).  A single octet of zero,    
 signifying the root, is usually used because it minimizes the length of    
 the message.  The TTL of the RR is not significant.  The response to       
 this query might be:                                                       
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 41]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
                          +-----------------------------------------+       
            Header        |         OPCODE=RESPONSE, ID=997         |       
                          +-----------------------------------------+       
           Question       |QTYPE=A, QCLASS=IN, QNAME=VENERA.ISI.EDU |       
                          +-----------------------------------------+       
            Answer        |  VENERA.ISI.EDU  A IN 10.1.0.52         |       
                          +-----------------------------------------+       
           Authority      |                 <empty>                 |       
                          +-----------------------------------------+       
          Additional      |                 <empty>                 |       
                          +-----------------------------------------+       
                                                                            
 Note that the QTYPE in a response to an inverse query is the same as the   
 TYPE field in the answer section of the inverse query.  Responses to       
 inverse queries may contain multiple questions when the inverse is not     
 unique.  If the question section in the response is not empty, then the    
 RR in the answer section is modified to correspond to be an exact copy     
 of an RR at the first QNAME.                                               
                                                                            
 6.4.3. Inverse query processing                                            
                                                                            
 Name servers that support inverse queries can support these operations     
 through exhaustive searches of their databases, but this becomes           
 impractical as the size of the database increases.  An alternative         
 approach is to invert the database according to the search key.            
                                                                            
 For name servers that support multiple zones and a large amount of data,   
 the recommended approach is separate inversions for each zone.  When a     
 particular zone is changed during a refresh, only its inversions need to   
 be redone.                                                                 
                                                                            
 Support for transfer of this type of inversion may be included in future   
 versions of the domain system, but is not supported in this version.       
                                                                            
 6.5. Completion queries and responses                                      
                                                                            
 The optional completion services described in RFC-882 and RFC-883 have     
 been deleted.  Redesigned services may become available in the future.     
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 42]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 . RESOLVER IMPLEMENTATION                                                 
                                                                            
 The top levels of the recommended resolver algorithm are discussed in      
 [RFC-1034].  This section discusses implementation details assuming the    
 database structure suggested in the name server implementation section     
 of this memo.                                                              
                                                                            
 7.1. Transforming a user request into a query                              
                                                                            
 The first step a resolver takes is to transform the client's request,      
 stated in a format suitable to the local OS, into a search specification   
 for RRs at a specific name which match a specific QTYPE and QCLASS.        
 Where possible, the QTYPE and QCLASS should correspond to a single type    
 and a single class, because this makes the use of cached data much         
 simpler.  The reason for this is that the presence of data of one type     
 in a cache doesn't confirm the existence or non-existence of data of       
 other types, hence the only way to be sure is to consult an                
 authoritative source.  If QCLASS=* is used, then authoritative answers     
 won't be available.                                                        
                                                                            
 Since a resolver must be able to multiplex multiple requests if it is to   
 perform its function efficiently, each pending request is usually          
 represented in some block of state information.  This state block will     
 typically contain:                                                         
                                                                            

    - A timestamp indicating the time the request began.                    
      The timestamp is used to decide whether RRs in the database           
      can be used or are out of date.  This timestamp uses the              
      absolute time format previously discussed for RR storage in           
      zones and caches.  Note that when an RRs TTL indicates a              
      relative time, the RR must be timely, since it is part of a           
      zone.  When the RR has an absolute time, it is part of a              
      cache, and the TTL of the RR is compared against the timestamp        
      for the start of the request.                                         
                                                                            
      Note that using the timestamp is superior to using a current          
      time, since it allows RRs with TTLs of zero to be entered in          
      the cache in the usual manner, but still used by the current          
      request, even after intervals of many seconds due to system           
      load, query retransmission timeouts, etc.                             
                                                                            
    - Some sort of parameters to limit the amount of work which will        
      be performed for this request.                                        
                                                                            
      The amount of work which a resolver will do in response to a          
      client request must be limited to guard against errors in the         
      database, such as circular CNAME references, and operational          
      problems, such as network partition which prevents the                
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 43]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
      resolver from accessing the name servers it needs.  While             
      local limits on the number of times a resolver will retransmit        
      a particular query to a particular name server address are            
      essential, the resolver should have a global per-request              
      counter to limit work on a single request.  The counter should        
      be set to some initial value and decremented whenever the             
      resolver performs any action (retransmission timeout,                 
      retransmission, etc.)  If the counter passes zero, the request        
      is terminated with a temporary error.                                 
                                                                            
      Note that if the resolver structure allows one request to             
      start others in parallel, such as when the need to access a           
      name server for one request causes a parallel resolve for the         
      name server's addresses, the spawned request should be started        
      with a lower counter.  This prevents circular references in           
      the database from starting a chain reaction of resolver               
      activity.                                                             
                                                                            
    - The SLIST data structure discussed in [RFC-1034].                     
                                                                            
      This structure keeps track of the state of a request if it            
      must wait for answers from foreign name servers.                      
                                                                            
 7.2. Sending the queries                                                   
                                                                            
 As described in [RFC-1034], the basic task of the resolver is to           
 formulate a query which will answer the client's request and direct that   
 query to name servers which can provide the information.  The resolver     
 will usually only have very strong hints about which servers to ask, in    
 the form of NS RRs, and may have to revise the query, in response to       
 CNAMEs, or revise the set of name servers the resolver is asking, in       
 response to delegation responses which point the resolver to name          
 servers closer to the desired information.  In addition to the             
 information requested by the client, the resolver may have to call upon    
 its own services to determine the address of name servers it wishes to     
 contact.                                                                   
                                                                            
 In any case, the model used in this memo assumes that the resolver is      
 multiplexing attention between multiple requests, some from the client,    
 and some internally generated.  Each request is represented by some        
 state information, and the desired behavior is that the resolver           
 transmit queries to name servers in a way that maximizes the probability   
 that the request is answered, minimizes the time that the request takes,   
 and avoids excessive transmissions.  The key algorithm uses the state      
 information of the request to select the next name server address to       
 query, and also computes a timeout which will cause the next action        
 should a response not arrive.  The next action will usually be a           
 transmission to some other server, but may be a temporary error to the     
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 44]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 client.                                                                    
                                                                            
 The resolver always starts with a list of server names to query (SLIST).   
 This list will be all NS RRs which correspond to the nearest ancestor      
 zone that the resolver knows about.  To avoid startup problems, the        
 resolver should have a set of default servers which it will ask should     
 it have no current NS RRs which are appropriate.  The resolver then adds   
 to SLIST all of the known addresses for the name servers, and may start    
 parallel requests to acquire the addresses of the servers when the         
 resolver has the name, but no addresses, for the name servers.             
                                                                            
 To complete initialization of SLIST, the resolver attaches whatever        
 history information it has to the each address in SLIST.  This will        
 usually consist of some sort of weighted averages for the response time    
 of the address, and the batting average of the address (i.e., how often    
 the address responded at all to the request).  Note that this              
 information should be kept on a per address basis, rather than on a per    
 name server basis, because the response time and batting average of a      
 particular server may vary considerably from address to address.  Note     
 also that this information is actually specific to a resolver address /    
 server address pair, so a resolver with multiple addresses may wish to     
 keep separate histories for each of its addresses.  Part of this step      
 must deal with addresses which have no such history; in this case an       
 expected round trip time of 5-10 seconds should be the worst case, with    
 lower estimates for the same local network, etc.                           
                                                                            
 Note that whenever a delegation is followed, the resolver algorithm        
 reinitializes SLIST.                                                       
                                                                            
 The information establishes a partial ranking of the available name        
 server addresses.  Each time an address is chosen and the state should     
 be altered to prevent its selection again until all other addresses have   
 been tried.  The timeout for each transmission should be 50-100% greater   
 than the average predicted value to allow for variance in response.        
                                                                            
 Some fine points:                                                          
                                                                            
    - The resolver may encounter a situation where no addresses are         
      available for any of the name servers named in SLIST, and             
      where the servers in the list are precisely those which would         
      normally be used to look up their own addresses.  This                
      situation typically occurs when the glue address RRs have a           
      smaller TTL than the NS RRs marking delegation, or when the           
      resolver caches the result of a NS search.  The resolver              
      should detect this condition and restart the search at the            
      next ancestor zone, or alternatively at the root.                     
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 45]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
    - If a resolver gets a server error or other bizarre response           
      from a name server, it should remove it from SLIST, and may           
      wish to schedule an immediate transmission to the next                
      candidate server address.                                             
                                                                            
 7.3. Processing responses                                                  
                                                                            
 The first step in processing arriving response datagrams is to parse the   
 response.  This procedure should include:                                  
                                                                            
    - Check the header for reasonableness.  Discard datagrams which         
      are queries when responses are expected.                              
                                                                            
    - Parse the sections of the message, and insure that all RRs are        
      correctly formatted.                                                  
                                                                            
    - As an optional step, check the TTLs of arriving data looking          
      for RRs with excessively long TTLs.  If a RR has an                   
      excessively long TTL, say greater than 1 week, either discard         
      the whole response, or limit all TTLs in the response to 1            
      week.                                                                 
                                                                            
 The next step is to match the response to a current resolver request.      
 The recommended strategy is to do a preliminary matching using the ID      
 field in the domain header, and then to verify that the question section   
 corresponds to the information currently desired.  This requires that      
 the transmission algorithm devote several bits of the domain ID field to   
 a request identifier of some sort.  This step has several fine points:     
                                                                            
    - Some name servers send their responses from different                 
      addresses than the one used to receive the query.  That is, a         
      resolver cannot rely that a response will come from the same          
      address which it sent the corresponding query to.  This name          
      server bug is typically encountered in UNIX systems.                  
                                                                            
    - If the resolver retransmits a particular request to a name            
      server it should be able to use a response from any of the            
      transmissions.  However, if it is using the response to sample        
      the round trip time to access the name server, it must be able        
      to determine which transmission matches the response (and keep        
      transmission times for each outgoing message), or only                
      calculate round trip times based on initial transmissions.            
                                                                            
    - A name server will occasionally not have a current copy of a          
      zone which it should have according to some NS RRs.  The              
      resolver should simply remove the name server from the current        
      SLIST, and continue.                                                  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 46]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 7.4. Using the cache                                                       
                                                                            
 In general, we expect a resolver to cache all data which it receives in    
 responses since it may be useful in answering future client requests.      
 However, there are several types of data which should not be cached:       
                                                                            
    - When several RRs of the same type are available for a                 
      particular owner name, the resolver should either cache them          
      all or none at all.  When a response is truncated, and a              
      resolver doesn't know whether it has a complete set, it should        
      not cache a possibly partial set of RRs.                              
                                                                            
    - Cached data should never be used in preference to                     
      authoritative data, so if caching would cause this to happen          
      the data should not be cached.                                        
                                                                            
    - The results of an inverse query should not be cached.                 
                                                                            
    - The results of standard queries where the QNAME contains "*"          
      labels if the data might be used to construct wildcards.  The         
      reason is that the cache does not necessarily contain existing        
      RRs or zone boundary information which is necessary to                
      restrict the application of the wildcard RRs.                         
                                                                            
    - RR data in responses of dubious reliability.  When a resolver         
      receives unsolicited responses or RR data other than that             
      requested, it should discard it without caching it.  The basic        
      implication is that all sanity checks on a packet should be           
      performed before any of it is cached.                                 
                                                                            
 In a similar vein, when a resolver has a set of RRs for some name in a     
 response, and wants to cache the RRs, it should check its cache for        
 already existing RRs.  Depending on the circumstances, either the data     
 in the response or the cache is preferred, but the two should never be     
 combined.  If the data in the response is from authoritative data in the   
 answer section, it is always preferred.                                    
                                                                            
 . MAIL SUPPORT                                                            
                                                                            
 The domain system defines a standard for mapping mailboxes into domain     
 names, and two methods for using the mailbox information to derive mail    
 routing information.  The first method is called mail exchange binding     
 and the other method is mailbox binding.  The mailbox encoding standard    
 and mail exchange binding are part of the DNS official protocol, and are   
 the recommended method for mail routing in the Internet.  Mailbox          
 binding is an experimental feature which is still under development and    
 subject to change.                                                         
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 47]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 The mailbox encoding standard assumes a mailbox name of the form           
 "<local-part>@<mail-domain>".  While the syntax allowed in each of these   
 sections varies substantially between the various mail internets, the      
 preferred syntax for the ARPA Internet is given in [RFC-822].              
                                                                            
 The DNS encodes the <local-part> as a single label, and encodes the        
 <mail-domain> as a domain name.  The single label from the <local-part>    
 is prefaced to the domain name from <mail-domain> to form the domain       
 name corresponding to the mailbox.  Thus the mailbox HOSTMASTER@SRI-       
 NIC.ARPA is mapped into the domain name HOSTMASTER.SRI-NIC.ARPA.  If the   
 <local-part> contains dots or other special characters, its                
 representation in a master file will require the use of backslash          
 quoting to ensure that the domain name is properly encoded.  For           
 example, the mailbox Action.domains@ISI.EDU would be represented as        
 Action\.domains.ISI.EDU.                                                   
                                                                            
 8.1. Mail exchange binding                                                 
                                                                            
 Mail exchange binding uses the <mail-domain> part of a mailbox             
 specification to determine where mail should be sent.  The <local-part>    
 is not even consulted.  [RFC-974] specifies this method in detail, and     
 should be consulted before attempting to use mail exchange support.        
                                                                            
 One of the advantages of this method is that it decouples mail             
 destination naming from the hosts used to support mail service, at the     
 cost of another layer of indirection in the lookup function.  However,     
 the addition layer should eliminate the need for complicated "%", "!",     
 etc encodings in <local-part>.                                             
                                                                            
 The essence of the method is that the <mail-domain> is used as a domain    
 name to locate type MX RRs which list hosts willing to accept mail for     
 <mail-domain>, together with preference values which rank the hosts        
 according to an order specified by the administrators for <mail-domain>.   
                                                                            
 In this memo, the <mail-domain> ISI.EDU is used in examples, together      
 with the hosts VENERA.ISI.EDU and VAXA.ISI.EDU as mail exchanges for       
 ISI.EDU.  If a mailer had a message for Mockapetris@ISI.EDU, it would      
 route it by looking up MX RRs for ISI.EDU.  The MX RRs at ISI.EDU name     
 VENERA.ISI.EDU and VAXA.ISI.EDU, and type A queries can find the host      
 addresses.                                                                 
                                                                            
 8.2. Mailbox binding (Experimental)                                        
                                                                            
 In mailbox binding, the mailer uses the entire mail destination            
 specification to construct a domain name.  The encoded domain name for     
 the mailbox is used as the QNAME field in a QTYPE=MAILB query.             
                                                                            
 Several outcomes are possible for this query:                              
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 48]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
    1. The query can return a name error indicating that the mailbox        
       does not exist as a domain name.                                     
                                                                            
       In the long term, this would indicate that the specified             
       mailbox doesn't exist.  However, until the use of mailbox            
       binding is universal, this error condition should be                 
       interpreted to mean that the organization identified by the          
       global part does not support mailbox binding.  The                   
       appropriate procedure is to revert to exchange binding at            
       this point.                                                          
                                                                            
    2. The query can return a Mail Rename (MR) RR.                          
                                                                            
       The MR RR carries new mailbox specification in its RDATA             
       field.  The mailer should replace the old mailbox with the           
       new one and retry the operation.                                     
                                                                            
    3. The query can return a MB RR.                                        
                                                                            
       The MB RR carries a domain name for a host in its RDATA              
       field.  The mailer should deliver the message to that host           
       via whatever protocol is applicable, e.g., b,SMTP.                   
                                                                            
    4. The query can return one or more Mail Group (MG) RRs.                
                                                                            
       This condition means that the mailbox was actually a mailing         
       list or mail group, rather than a single mailbox.  Each MG RR        
       has a RDATA field that identifies a mailbox that is a member         
       of the group.  The mailer should deliver a copy of the               
       message to each member.                                              
                                                                            
    5. The query can return a MB RR as well as one or more MG RRs.          
                                                                            

This timestamp uses the
absolute time format previously discussed for RR storage in
zones and caches

This timestamp uses the
absolute time format previously discussed for RR storage in
zones and caches

       This condition means the the mailbox was actually a mailing          
       list.  The mailer can either deliver the message to the host         
       specified by the MB RR, which will in turn do the delivery to        
       all members, or the mailer can use the MG RRs to do the              
       expansion itself.                                                    
                                                                            
 In any of these cases, the response may include a Mail Information         
 (MINFO) RR.  This RR is usually associated with a mail group, but is       
 legal with a MB.  The MINFO RR identifies two mailboxes.  One of these     
 identifies a responsible person for the original mailbox name.  This       
 mailbox should be used for requests to be added to a mail group, etc.      
 The second mailbox name in the MINFO RR identifies a mailbox that should   
 receive error messages for mail failures.  This is particularly            
 appropriate for mailing lists when errors in member names should be        
 reported to a person other than the one who sends a message to the list.   
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 49]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 New fields may be added to this RR in the future.                          
                                                                            
                                                                            
 . REFERENCES and BIBLIOGRAPHY                                             
                                                                            
 [Dyer 87]       S. Dyer, F. Hsu, "Hesiod", Project Athena                  
                 Technical Plan - Name Service, April 1987, version 1.9.    
                                                                            
                 Describes the fundamentals of the Hesiod name service.     
                                                                            
 [IEN-116]       J. Postel, "Internet Name Server", IEN-116,                
                 USC/Information Sciences Institute, August 1979.           
                                                                            
                 A name service obsoleted by the Domain Name System, but    
                 still in use.                                              
                                                                            
 [Quarterman 86] J. Quarterman, and J. Hoskins, "Notable Computer Networks",
                 Communications of the ACM, October 1986, volume 29, number 
                 10.                                                        
                                                                            
 [RFC-742]       K. Harrenstien, "NAME/FINGER", RFC-742, Network            
                 Information Center, SRI International, December 1977.      
                                                                            
 [RFC-768]       J. Postel, "User Datagram Protocol", RFC-768,              
                 USC/Information Sciences Institute, August 1980.           
                                                                            
 [RFC-793]       J. Postel, "Transmission Control Protocol", RFC-793,       
                 USC/Information Sciences Institute, September 1981.        
                                                                            
 [RFC-799]       D. Mills, "Internet Name Domains", RFC-799, COMSAT,        
                 September 1981.                                            
                                                                            
                 Suggests introduction of a hierarchy in place of a flat    
                 name space for the Internet.                               
                                                                            
 [RFC-805]       J. Postel, "Computer Mail Meeting Notes", RFC-805,         
                 USC/Information Sciences Institute, February 1982.         
                                                                            
 [RFC-810]       E. Feinler, K. Harrenstien, Z. Su, and V. White, "DOD      
                 Internet Host Table Specification", RFC-810, Network       
                 Information Center, SRI International, March 1982.         
                                                                            
                 Obsolete.  See RFC-952.                                    
                                                                            
 [RFC-811]       K. Harrenstien, V. White, and E. Feinler, "Hostnames       
                 Server", RFC-811, Network Information Center, SRI          
                 International, March 1982.                                 
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 50]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
                 Obsolete.  See RFC-953.                                    
                                                                            
 [RFC-812]       K. Harrenstien, and V. White, "NICNAME/WHOIS", RFC-812,    
                 Network Information Center, SRI International, March       
                 1982.                                                      
                                                                            
 [RFC-819]       Z. Su, and J. Postel, "The Domain Naming Convention for    
                 Internet User Applications", RFC-819, Network              
                 Information Center, SRI International, August 1982.        
                                                                            
                 Early thoughts on the design of the domain system.         
                 Current implementation is completely different.            
                                                                            
 [RFC-821]       J. Postel, "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC-821,       
                 USC/Information Sciences Institute, August 1980.           
                                                                            
 [RFC-830]       Z. Su, "A Distributed System for Internet Name Service",   
                 RFC-830, Network Information Center, SRI International,    
                 October 1982.                                              
                                                                            
                 Early thoughts on the design of the domain system.         
                 Current implementation is completely different.            
                                                                            
 [RFC-882]       P. Mockapetris, "Domain names - Concepts and               
                 Facilities," RFC-882, USC/Information Sciences             
                 Institute, November 1983.                                  
                                                                            

      This condition means the the mailbox was actually a mailing

      This condition means thethat the mailbox was actually a mailing

                 Superceeded by this memo.                                  
                                                                            
 [RFC-883]       P. Mockapetris, "Domain names - Implementation and         
                 Specification," RFC-883, USC/Information Sciences          
                 Institute, November 1983.                                  
                                                                            
                 Superceeded by this memo.                                  
                                                                            
 [RFC-920]       J. Postel and J. Reynolds, "Domain Requirements",          
                 RFC-920, USC/Information Sciences Institute,               
                 October 1984.                                              
                                                                            
                 Explains the naming scheme for top level domains.          
                                                                            
 [RFC-952]       K. Harrenstien, M. Stahl, E. Feinler, "DoD Internet Host   
                 Table Specification", RFC-952, SRI, October 1985.          
                                                                            
                 Specifies the format of HOSTS.TXT, the host/address        
                 table replaced by the DNS.                                 
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 51]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 [RFC-953]       K. Harrenstien, M. Stahl, E. Feinler, "HOSTNAME Server",   
                 RFC-953, SRI, October 1985.                                
                                                                            
                 This RFC contains the official specification of the        
                 hostname server protocol, which is obsoleted by the DNS.   
                 This TCP based protocol accesses information stored in     
                 the RFC-952 format, and is used to obtain copies of the    
                 host table.                                                
                                                                            
 [RFC-973]       P. Mockapetris, "Domain System Changes and                 
                 Observations", RFC-973, USC/Information Sciences           
                 Institute, January 1986.                                   
                                                                            
                 Describes changes to RFC-882 and RFC-883 and reasons for   
                 them.                                                      
                                                                            
 [RFC-974]       C. Partridge, "Mail routing and the domain system",        
                 RFC-974, CSNET CIC BBN Labs, January 1986.                 
                                                                            
                 Describes the transition from HOSTS.TXT based mail         
                 addressing to the more powerful MX system used with the    
                 domain system.                                             
                                                                            
 [RFC-1001]      NetBIOS Working Group, "Protocol standard for a NetBIOS    
                 service on a TCP/UDP transport: Concepts and Methods",     
                 RFC-1001, March 1987.                                      
                                                                            
                 This RFC and RFC-1002 are a preliminary design for         
                 NETBIOS on top of TCP/IP which proposes to base NetBIOS    
                 name service on top of the DNS.                            
                                                                            
 [RFC-1002]      NetBIOS Working Group, "Protocol standard for a NetBIOS    
                 service on a TCP/UDP transport: Detailed                   
                 Specifications", RFC-1002, March 1987.                     
                                                                            
 [RFC-1010]      J. Reynolds, and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", RFC-1010,  
                 USC/Information Sciences Institute, May 1987.              
                                                                            
                 Contains socket numbers and mnemonics for host names,      
                 operating systems, etc.                                    
                                                                            
 [RFC-1031]      W. Lazear, "MILNET Name Domain Transition", RFC-1031,      
                 November 1987.                                             
                                                                            
                 Describes a plan for converting the MILNET to the DNS.     
                                                                            
 [RFC-1032]      M. Stahl, "Establishing a Domain - Guidelines for          
                 Administrators", RFC-1032, November 1987.                  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 52]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
                 Describes the registration policies used by the NIC to     
                 administer the top level domains and delegate subzones.    
                                                                            
 [RFC-1033]      M. Lottor, "Domain Administrators Operations Guide",       
                 RFC-1033, November 1987.                                   
                                                                            
                 A cookbook for domain administrators.                      
                                                                            
 [Solomon 82]    M. Solomon, L. Landweber, and D. Neuhengen, "The CSNET     
                 Name Server", Computer Networks, vol 6, nr 3, July 1982.   
                                                                            
                 Describes a name service for CSNET which is independent    
                 from the DNS and DNS use in the CSNET.                     
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 53]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Index                                                                      
                                                                            
           *   13                                                           
                                                                            
           ;   33, 35                                                       
                                                                            
           <character-string>   35                                          
           <domain-name>   34                                               
                                                                            
           @   35                                                           
                                                                            
           \   35                                                           
                                                                            
           A   12                                                           
                                                                            
           Byte order   8                                                   
                                                                            
           CH   13                                                          
           Character case   9                                               
           CLASS   11                                                       
           CNAME   12                                                       
           Completion   42                                                  
           CS   13                                                          
                                                                            
           Hesiod   13                                                      
           HINFO   12                                                       
           HS   13                                                          
                                                                            
           IN   13                                                          
           IN-ADDR.ARPA domain   22                                         
           Inverse queries   40                                             
                                                                            
           Mailbox names   47                                               
           MB   12                                                          
           MD   12                                                          
           MF   12                                                          
           MG   12                                                          
           MINFO   12                                                       
           MINIMUM   20                                                     
           MR   12                                                          
           MX   12                                                          
                                                                            
           NS   12                                                          
           NULL   12                                                        
                                                                            
           Port numbers   32                                                
           Primary server   5                                               
           PTR   12, 18                                                     
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 54]   

 RFC 1035        Domain Implementation and Specification    November 1987   
                                                                            
                                                                            
           QCLASS   13                                                      
           QTYPE   12                                                       
                                                                            
           RDATA   12                                                       
           RDLENGTH  11                                                     
                                                                            
           Secondary server   5                                             
           SOA   12                                                         
           Stub resolvers   7                                               
                                                                            
           TCP   32                                                         
           TXT   12                                                         
           TYPE   11                                                        
                                                                            
           UDP   32                                                         
                                                                            
           WKS   12                                                         
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 Mockapetris                                                    [Page 55]   
                                                                            

                Superceeded by this memo.

                Superceeseded by this memo.